tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29382645035822207702024-02-20T06:42:55.594-08:00Materi PTIMateri PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-71918379597276595022012-12-20T22:53:00.003-08:002012-12-20T22:53:57.070-08:00Sistem Informasi<br />
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<b><span><span> A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></b><b><span>Level majemen dan arus informasi</span></b></div>
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<span>Sistem informasi yang dibangun atau dipakai dalam sebuah organisasi perlu mengakomodasi kebutuhan pemakai berdasarkan level manajemen. Namun sebelum membicarakan sistem informasi seperti itu, berbagai level manajemen dalam suatu organisasi akan dibahas terlebih dahulu.</span></div>
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<span>Dalam organisasi tradisional umumnya terdapat empat kelompok, yaitu manajemen tingkat atas, manajemen tingkat menengah, manajemen tingkat bawah, dan pegawai non-manajemen.</span></div>
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<span>Menejemen tingkat atas, yaitu level yang paling tinggi dalam menangani keputusan-keputusan strategis yaitu keputusan yang sangat kompleks dan jarang sekali menggunakan prosedur yang telah ditentukan. Biasanya level ini digunakan dalam organisasi yang besar, direktur utama, direktur pemasaran, direktur keuangan dan akuntansi, dan direktur produksi.</span></div>
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<span>Berbeda dengan manajemen tingkat atas, manajemen tingkat menengah lebih menangani keputusan-keputusan taktis berupa keputusan-keputusan yang mengimplementasikan sasaran-sasaran strategis suatu organisasi. Biasanya level ini digunakan dalam manajemen pabrik, manajemen operasi, dan menejemen akuntansi.</span></div>
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<span>Selain itu, adapun level tingkat bawah tang lebih menangani kegiatan-kegiatan operasional dalam suatu organisasi. Level ini lebih terfokus pada pengawasan para pegawai non-manajemen, memantau kejadian-kejadian sehari-hari, dan melakuikan tindakan-tindakan koreksi jika sewaktu-waktu diperlukan. Biasanya level ini digunakan dalam kepala proyek dan kepala bagian. </span><br /><a href="" name="more"></a></div>
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<b><span><span> B.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></b><b><span>Jenis-jenis sistem informasi</span></b></div>
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<span>Sistem informasi dikembangkan untuk tujuan yang berbeda-beda, tergantung pada kebutuhan bisnis. Sistem informasi dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian.</span></div>
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<span><span> 1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><u><span>Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)</span></u><span></span></div>
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<span>TPS adalah sistem informasi yang terkomputerisasi yang dikembangkan untuk memproses data dalam jumlah besar untuk transaksi bisnis rutin seperti daftar gaji dan inventarisasi. TPS berfungsi pada level organisasi yang memungkinkan organisasi bisa berinteraksi dengan lingkungan eksternal. Data yang dihasilkan oleh TPS dapat dilihat atau digunakan oleh manajer.</span></div>
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<span><span> 2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><u><span>Office Automation Systems (OAS) dan Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)</span></u><span></span></div>
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<span>OAS dan KWS bekerja pada level knowledge. OAS mendukung pekerja data, yang biasanya tidak menciptakan pengetahuan baru melainkan hanya menganalisis informasi sedemikian rupa untuk mentransformasikan data atau memanipulasikannya dengan cara-cara tertentu sebelum menyebarkannya secara keseluruhan dengan organisasi dan kadang-kadang diluar organisasi. Aspek-aspek OAS seperti word processing, spreadsheets, electronic scheduling, dan komunikasi melalui voice mail, email dan video conferencing.<br />KWS mendukung para pekerja profesional seperti ilmuwan, insinyur dan doktor dengan membantu menciptakan pengetahuan baru dan memungkinkan mereka mengkontribusikannya ke organisasi atau masyarakat.</span></div>
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<span><br /><u>3. Sistem Informasi Manajemen (SIM)</u></span></div>
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<span>SIM tidak menggantikan TPS , tetapi mendukung spektrum tugas-tugas organisasional yang lebih luas dari TPS, termasuk analisis keputusan dan pembuat keputusan. SIM menghasilkan informasi yang digunakan untuk membuat keputusan, dan juga dapat membatu menyatukan beberapa fungsi informasi bisnis yang sudah terkomputerisasi (basis data).</span></div>
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<span><br /><u>4. Decision Support Systems (DSS)</u></span></div>
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<span>DSS hampir sama dengan SIM karena menggunakan basis data sebagai sumber data. DSS bermula dari SIM karena menekankan pada fungsi mendukung pembuat keputusan diseluruh tahap-tahapnya, meskipun keputusan aktual tetap wewenang eksklusif pembuat keputusan.</span></div>
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<span><br /><u>5. Sistem Ahli (ES) dan Kecerdasan Buatan (AI)</u></span></div>
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<span>AI dimaksudkan untuk mengembangkan mesin-mesin yang berfungsi secara cerdas. Dua cara untuk melakukan riset AI adalah memahami bahasa alamiahnya dan menganalisis kemampuannya untuk berfikir melalui problem sampai kesimpulan logiknya. Sistem ahli menggunakan pendekatan-pendekatan pemikiran AI untuk menyelesaikan masalah serta memberikannya lewat pengguna bisnis. Sistem ahli (juga disebut knowledge-based systems) secara efektif menangkap dan menggunakan pengetahuanseorang ahli untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang dialami dalam suatu organisasi. Berbeda dengan DSS, DSS meningalkan keputusan terakhir bagi pembuat keputusan sedangkan sistem ahli menyeleksi solusi terbaik terhadap suatu masalah khusus. Komponen dasar sistem ahli adalah knowledge-base yaikni suatu mesin interferensi yang menghubungkan pengguna dengan sistem melalui pengolahan pertanyaan lewat bahasa terstruktur dan anatarmuka pengguna.<br /> </span></div>
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<span><span> 1 .<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><u><span>Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) dan Computer-Support Collaborative Work Systems (CSCW)</span></u><span></span></div>
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<span>ila kelompok, perlu bekerja bersama-sama untuk membuat keputusan semi-terstruktur dan tak terstruktur, maka group Decision support systems membuat suatu solusi. GDSS dimaksudkan untuk membawa kelompok bersama-sama menyelesaikan masalah dengan memberi bantuan dalam bentuk pendapat, kuesioner, konsultasi dan skenario. Kadang-kadang GDSS disebut dengan CSCW yang mencakup pendukung perangkat lunak yang disebut dengan “groupware” untuk kolaborasi tim melalui komputer yang terhubung dengan jaringan.</span></div>
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<span><br /><u>7. Executive Support Systems (ESS)</u></span></div>
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<span>ESS tergantung pada informasi yang dihasilkan TPS dan SIM dan ESS membantu eksekutif mengatur interaksinya dengan lingkungan eksternal dengan menyediakan grafik-grafik dan pendukung komunikasi di tempat-tempat yang bisa diakses seperti kantor.</span></div>
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<b><span><span> C.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></b><b><span>Sistem antarorganisasi (IOS)</span></b></div>
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<span>Sistem antarorganisasi adalah suatu kombinasi perusahaan-perusahaan yang terkait sehingga mereka berfungsi sebagai suatu sistem tunggal mereka bekerja sama untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. Perusahaan-perusahaan yang membentuk IOS disebut mitra dagang atau mitra bisnis. Manfaat dalam sistem antarorganisasi</span><span lang="SV">Suatu elemen kunci dalam IOS adalah jaringan komunikasi data yang mengatur alur data dan informasi antara perusahaan dan para mitra bisnisnya.<span> </span>Tiga teknologi dapat menyediakan kaitan tersebut – sambungan langsung (<i>direct connectivity</i>), jaringan bernilai tambah (<i>value added network</i>), dan internet.<span> </span>Jaringan bernilai tambah (VAN) adalah fasilitas komunikasi yang disediakan oleh pemasok yang tidak hanya menyediakan sirkuit tetapi juga melaksanakan pelayanan penting.<span> </span>Sementara VAN merupakan teknologi pilihan beberapa tahun lalu, banyak perhatian saat ini difokuskan pada internet.<span> </span>Menjelang akhir abad dua puluh, penggunakan internet sebagai saluran utama komunikasi perdagangan melalui jaringan elektronik akan terus meningkat.</span><span></span></div>
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<span>Perusahaan-perusahaan atau organisasi yang ikut serta dalam perdagangan melalui jaringan elektronik untuk mencapai perbaikan di seluruh orgnaisasi. Perbaikan tersebut diharapkan menghasilkan tiga (3) manfaat utama :</span><span></span></div>
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<span><span> 1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span>Pelayanan pelanggan meningkat;</span></div>
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<span><span> 2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span>Hubungan dengan pemasok & masyarakat keuangan meningkat;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span> 3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span>Pengembalian atas investasi pemegang saham dan pemilik yang meningkat.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span>Manfaat-manfaat tersebut berkontribusi pada stabilitas keuangan perusahaan dan memungkinkannya untuk bersaing dengan lebih baik dalam dunia bisnis yang semakin terikat untuk menggunakan teknologi komputer.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">IOS (<i>Interorganizational system</i>), kadang-kadang disebut sistem informasi antar organisasi, adalah suatu kombinasi perusahaan-perusahaan yang terkait sehingga mereka berfungsi sebagai suatu sistem tunggal; yang bekerja sama untuk mencapai tujuan bersama.<span> </span>Perusahaan-perusahaan yang membentuk IOS disebut mitra dagang atau mitra bisnis.</span></div>
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Wal-Mart (sebuah retailer yang telah mendunia) dan Procter & Gamble (sebagai pemasok barang) menerapkan sistem antarorganisasi yang memungkinkan kedua perusahaan berbagi informasi. P&G dapat memantau stok barang yang terdapat dalam Wal-Mart setiap saat dan Wal-Mart tidak perlu memesan ke P&G secara eksplisit. Dengan cara seperti ini kedua belah pihak akan menghemat biaya.</div>
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Contoh lain yang menerapkan sistem antarorganisasi adalah IBM, Apple, dan Motorola. Ketiga perusahaan ini membentuk aliansi pada awal 1990-an yang ditunjuk untuk mematahkan dominasi Intel terhadap pasar prosessor. Dalam hal ini, IOS digunakan sebagai sarana untuk memberi komunikasi informasi diantara ketiga perusahaan tersebut. Sebagaimana diketahui, aliansi ini menghasilkan cip yang diberi nama PowerPC.</div>
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<b><span><span> D.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></b><b>Layanan sistem informasi</b></div>
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Organisasi yang memilki sistem operasi umumnya mempunyai wadah atau bagian dengan nama EDP (Electronic Data Processing) atau PDE (Pengolahan Data Elektronis), MIS (Manajemen Information System), Teknologi Informasi, ataupun nama yang semacam itu.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Layanan sistem operasi dirancang untuk membuat pemrograman menjadi lebih mudah seperti :</span></div>
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<span>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Pembuatan Program</div>
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Sistem operasi menyediakan berbagai fasilitas yang membantu programer dalam membuat program seperti editor. Walaupun bukan bagian dari sistem operasi, tapi layanan ini diakses melalui sistem operasi.</div>
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<span>2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Eksekusi Program</div>
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Sistem harus bisa me-<i>load</i> program ke memori, dan menjalankan program tersebut. Program harus bisa menghentikan pengeksekusiannya baik secara normal maupun tidak (ada <i>error</i>)</div>
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<span>3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Operasi I/O</div>
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Program yang sedang dijalankan kadang kala membutuhkan I/O. Untuk efisiensi dan keamanan, pengguna biasanya tidak bisa mengatur peranti I/O secara langsung, untuk itulah sistem operasi harus menyediakan mekanisme dalam melakukan operasi I/O.</div>
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<span>4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Manipulasi Sistem Berkas</div>
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Program harus membaca dan menulis berkas, dan kadang kala juga harus membuat dan menghapus berkas.</div>
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<span>5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Komunikasi</div>
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Kadang kala sebuah proses memerlukan informasi dari proses yang lain. Ada dua cara umum dimana komunikasi dapat dilakukan. Komunikasi dapat terjadi antara proses dalam satu komputer, atau antara proses yang berada dalam komputer yang berbeda, tetapi dihubungkan oleh jaringan komputer. Komunikasi dapat dilakukan dengan pembagian memori(penggunaan bersama, <i>share-memory</i>)atau <i>message-passsing</i>, dimana sejumlah informasi dipindahkan antara proses oleh sistem operasi.</div>
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<span>6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Deteksi <i>Error</i></div>
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Sistem operasi harus selalu waspada terhadap kemungkinan <i>error</i>. <i>Error</i>dapat terjadi di CPU dan memori perangkat keras, I/O, dan di dalam program yang dijalankan pengguna. Untuk setiap jenis <i>error</i> sistem operasi harus bisa mengambil langkah yang tepat untuk mempertahankan jalannya proses komputasi.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Disamping pelayanan diatas, sistem operasi juga menyediakan layanan lain. Layanan ini bukan untuk membantu pengguna tapi lebih pada mempertahankan efisiensi sistem itu sendiri. Layanan tambahan itu yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Alokasi Sumber Daya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ketika beberapa pengguna menggunakan sistem atau beberapa program dijalankan secara bersamaan, sumber daya harus dialokasikan bagi masing-masing pengguna dan program tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Accounting</span></i><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Kita menginginkan agar jumlah pengguna yang menggunakan sumber daya, dan jenis sumber daya yang digunakan selalu terjaga. Untuk itu maka diperlukan suatu perhitungan dan statistik. Perhitungan ini diperlukan bagi seseorang yang ingin merubah konfigurasi sistem untuk meningkatkan pelayanan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Proteksi</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5645343986171447486" name="C22-1" style="color: #3d74a5; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Layanan proteksi memastikan bahwa segala akses ke sumber daya terkontrol. Dan tentu saja keamanan terhadap gangguan dari luar sistem tersebut. Keamanan bisa saja dilakukan dengan terlebih dahulu mengidentifikasi pengguna. Ini bisa dilakukan dengan meminta <i>passsword</i>bila ingin menggunakan sumber daya.</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span>E.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Cara untuk mengembangkan suatu pengembangan sistem informasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ada banyak cara dalam mengembngkan sistem informasi, seperti insourcing, prototyping, pemakai paket perangkat lunak.</span></div>
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<span><span>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Insourcing</div>
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Pada masa sekarang banyak perusahaan yang yang mengadakan sistem informasi dengan cara melakukan pengembangan sendiri atau yang dikenal dengan istilah <i>insourcing. </i>Pengembangan ini meliputi enam langkah penting yang mencakup perencanaan, penentuan lingkup, analisis, desain, implementasi, dan pemeliharaan.</div>
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<span><span>2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Prototyping</div>
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Merupakan suatu pendekatan yang membuat suatu model yang memperlihatkan fitur-fitur suatu produk, layanan, atau sistem usulan. Modelnya dikenal dengan sebutan <b>prototipe.</b> Langkah membuat prototyping adalah mengidentifikasi kebutuhan-kebutuhan dasar pemakai, mengembangkan sebuah prototipe, menggunakan prototipe, memperbaiki dan meningkatkan prototipe.</div>
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<span><span>3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Pemakai paket perangkat lunak</div>
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Pada prakteknya, sebuah paket perangkat lunak seringkali belum sesuai dengan semua kebutuhan perusahaan. Namun, adakalanya kemampuan yang ditawarkan sebuah paket perangkat lunak jauh melebihi dari kebutuhan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pula tindakan untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan antara kemampuan yang ditawarkan paket perangkat lunak dengan kebutuhan perusahaan. Pada keadaan seperti ini, tentu saja modul-modul yang sekiranya belum diperlukan dapat tidak dibeli.</div>
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<span><span>4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Selfsourcing</div>
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Alternatif lain dalam mengembangkan sistem yakni berupa selfsourcing yaitu suatu model pengembangan dan dukungan sistem teknologi informasi yang dilakukan oleh para pekerja pada suatu area fungsional dalam organisasi dengan sedikit bantuan dari pihak spesialis sistem informasi atau tanpa sama sekali. Model ini juga dikenal dengan end-user computing atau end-user development.</div>
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<span><span>5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Outsourcing</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">Yaitu pendelegasian terhadap suatu pekerjaan dalam sebuah organisasi ke pihan jangka waktu tertentu, biaya tertentu, dan layanan tertentu. Bentuk outsourcing yang umum dilakukan pada perusahaan-perusahaan di Indonesia adalah dalam bidang layanan kebersihan ruangan. Dalam bidang teknologi informasi, beberapa bank di Indonesia telah menerapkan outsourcing. Dalam hal ini, pengembangan sistem dilakukan oleh perusahaan perangkat lunak. Pada prakteknya, outsourcing sistem informasi terkadang tidak hanya dalam hal pengmbangan sistem, melainkan juga pada pengoperasiannya</span></span>Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-16918880981257203892012-12-20T08:43:00.000-08:002012-12-20T08:43:40.835-08:00Aplikasi Internet Untuk Bisnis<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Internet dan E-business</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> <span lang="EN-US">membawa perubahan cukup besar terhadap bisnis dan melahirkan istilah yang disebut <i>e-business.</i> Kotler (2003) mendefinisikan <i>e-business </i>sebagai “penggunaan alat dan platform elektronis untuk melaksanakan bisnis perusahaan”. Secara lebih jelas, O’Brien (2001) mendefinisikannya sebagai “Penggunaan teknologi-teknologi internet untuk menghubungkan dan memberdayakan proses bisnis, perdagangan elektronis, dan komunikasi serta kolaborasi di dalam sebuah perusahaan dan dengan para pelanggan, pemasok, dan mitra bisnis yang lain”. e-business adalah kegiatan bisnis yang dilakukan secara otomatis dan semiotomatis dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknologi elektronik. E-business memungkinkan suatu perusahaan untuk berhubungan dengan sistem pemrosesan data internal dan eksternal secara lebih efisien dan fleksibel. E-business juga banyak dipakai untuk berhubungan dengan suplier dan mitra bisnis perusahaan, serta memenuhi permintaan dan melayani kepuasan pelanggan secara lebih baik.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Penggunaan sehari-hari, e-business tidak hanya menyangkut perdagangan elektronik atau e-commerce saja. Dalam hal ini, e-commerce lebih merupakan sub bagian dari e-business, sementara e-business meliputi segala macam fungsi dan kegiatan bisnis menggunakan data elektronik, termasuk pemasaran Internet. Sebagai bagian dari e-business, e-commerce lebih berfokus pada kegiatan transaksi bisnis lewat www atau Internet. Dengan menggunakan sistem manajemen pengetahuan, e-commerce mempunyai goal untuk menambah revenu dari perusahaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">E-business berkaitan secara menyeluruh dengan proses bisnis termasuk value chain: pembelian secara elektronik (electronic purchasing), manajemen rantai suplai (supply chain management), pemrosesan order elektronik, penanganan dan pelayanan kepada pelanggan, dan kerja sama dengan mitra bisnis. E-business memberi kemungkinan untuk pertukaran data di antara satu perusahaan dengan perusahaan lain, baik lewat web, Internet, intranet, extranet atau kombinasi di antaranya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sebagaimana tersirat dalam definisi <i>e-business</i> di atas, <i>e-business</i>mencakup tiga bagian yaitu system komunikasi dan kolaborasi, perdagangan elektronis, dan system bisnis internal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">System Komunikasi dan Kolaborasi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Di dalam system komunikasi dan kolaborasi perusahaan, para anggota tim kerja dapat melakukan koordinasi, komunikasi, dan kolaborasi dengan menggunakan teknologi seperti surat elektronis, system chat, dan bahkan videokonferensi. Perlu diketahui:</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Koordinasi </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">berarti menyelaraskan setiap usaha yang dilakukan masing-masing individu dalam suatu kelompok kerja</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Komunikasi </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">berarti berbagi informasi. Dan</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kolaborasi </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">berarti bekerja sama dalam melaksanakan suatu tugas atau proyek.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sistem Bisnis Internal</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sistem bisnis internal digunakan untuk melayani proses dan bisnis secara internal. Dengan menggunakan system seperti ini, seorang manajer yang sedang berpergian dapat mengakses basis data perusahaan yang terdapat pada server dengan mudah. Beberapa hal lain yang bisa ditangani melalui system bisnis internal adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pemrosesan transaksi secara internal; misalnya pesanan penjualan dapat dimasukan oleh pemasar dari jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Portal perusahaan, yaitu sarana informasi berbasis web yang ditujukan secara khusus untuk pegawai perusahaan berangkutan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pemantauan aktivitas dalam perusahaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pengendalian proses.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">System pendukung manajemen.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3. <b>Perdagangan Elektronis</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Perdagangan Elektronis atau e-commerce adalah segala bentuk kegiatan pembelian dan penjualan, pemasaran produk, jasa, dan informasi yang di lakukan secara elektronis. Domain e-commerce berupa B2B, B2C, C2B, dan C2C. </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Business-to-Business (B2B)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> B2B menyatakan bentuk jual-beli produk atau jasa yang melibatkan dua atau beberapa perusahaan dan dilakukan secara elektronis. Umumnya perusahaan-perusahaan yang terlibat adalah pemasok, distributor, pabrik, took, dll. Kebanyakan transaksi berlangsung secara langsung antara dua system. Model seperti ini telah banyak diterapkan. Misalnya, yang terjadi antara wal-mart dan para pemasoknya. Keuntungan B2B yaitu Mempercepat transaksi antara penjual dan pembeli, menurunkan biaya transaksi kedua belah pihak, menciptakan pasar baru tanpa dibatasi oleh wilayah geografis, meningkatkan komunikasi dan kolaborasi antara penjual dan pembeli.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">B2C adalah bentuk jual-beli produk Yang melibatkan perusahaan penjual dan konsumen akhir yang dilakukan secara elektronis, perusahaan-perusahaan terkenal yang melayani B2C antara lain adalah Dell (</span><a href="http://www.dell.com/" style="color: #3d74a5; text-decoration: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">www.dell.com</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">), Cisco (</span><a href="http://www.cisco.com/" style="color: #3d74a5; text-decoration: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">www.cisco.com</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">), dan Amazon (</span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/" style="color: #3d74a5; text-decoration: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">www.amazon.com</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Situs</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Jenis Produk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">www.amazon.com</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Barang</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">: buku,music,video,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Permainan,barang elektronik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">www.dell.com</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Barang</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">:Komputer dan periferal</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">www.cisco.com</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Barang</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">: Peralatan jaringan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">www.drugstore.com</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Barang</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">:Kesehatan dan kecantikan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">B2C banyak diminati oleh para pemakai Internet karena pembelian produk dapat dilakukan dengan mudah dan cepat. Selain itu, umumnya harga produk lebih murah dan konsumen bisa membayar dengan kartu seperti Master Card atau Visa Card.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">c. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Comsumer-to-consumer </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">(C2C) atau terkadang disebut<i>person-to-person </i>(Ebert dan Griffin, 2003) menyatakan model perdagangan yang terjadi antara konsumen dengan konsumen yang dilakukan secara elektronis. Situs seperti eBay (www.eBay.com ) menyediakan sarana yang memungkinkan orang-orang dapat menjual atau membeli barang di antara mereka sendiri.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">d. Consumer-to-Business (C2B)</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Beberapa situs telah berinisiasi untuk mendukung bisnis yang berbasiskan konsumen ke pebisnis (Consumer-to-business atau C2B). sebagai contoh, Preceline.com merupakan situs yang memungkinkan seseorang menjual rumah ke perusahaan ini. Dalam hal ini, internet dapat digunakan sebagai sarana untuk negosiasi.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">B. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Intranet dan Extranet</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">i</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">ntranet adalah sebuah jaringan komputer berbasis protokol TCP/IP seperti internet hanya saja digunakan dalam internal perusahaan, kantor, bahkan warung internet (WARNET) pun dapat di kategorikan Intranet. Antar Intranet dapat saling berkomunikasi satu dengan yang lainnya melalui sambungan Internet yang memberikan tulang punggung komunikasi jarak jauh. Akan tetapi sebetulnya sebuah Intranet tidak perlu sambungan luar ke Internet untuk berfungsi secara benar. Intranet menggunakan semua protocol TCP/IP Protokol TCP/IP, alamat IP, dan protokol lainnya), klien dan juga server. Protokol HTTP dan beberapa protokol Internet lainnya (FTP, POP3, atau SMTP) umumnya merupakan komponen protokol yang sering digunakan. sebuah intranet dapat dipahami sebagai sebuah “versi pribadi dari jaringan Internet”, atau sebagai sebuah versi dari Internet yang dimiliki oleh sebuah organisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Jika sebuah badan usaha / bisnis / institusi mengekspose sebagian dari internal jaringannya ke komunitas di luar, hal ini di sebut ekstranet. Memang biasanya tidak semua isi intranet di keluarkan ke publik untuk menjadikan intranet menjadi ekstranet. Misalnya kita sedang membeli software, buku dll dari sebuah e-toko, maka biasanya kita dapat mengakses sebagian dari Intranet toko tersebut. Badan usaha / perusahaan dapat memblokir akses ke intranet mereka melalui router dan meletakan firewall. Firewall adalah sebuah perangkat lunak / perangkat keras yang mengatur akses seseorang kedalam intranet. Proteksi dilakukan melalui berbagai parameter jaringan apakah itu IP address, nomor port dll. Jika firewall di aktifkan maka akses dapat dikontrol sehingga kita hanya dapat mengakses sebagian saja dari Intranet perusahaan tersebut yang kemudian dikenal sebagai extranet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sedangkan Extranet atau Ekstranet adalah jaringan pribadi yang menggunakan protokol internet dan sistem telekomunikasi publik untuk membagi sebagian informasi bisnis atau operasi secara aman kepada penyalur (supplier), penjual (vendor), mitra (partner), pelanggan dan lain-lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Extranet dapat juga diartikan sebagai intranet sebuah perusahaan yang dilebarkan bagi pengguna di luar perusahaan. Perusahaan yang membangun extranet dapat bertukar data bervolume besar dengan EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), berkolaborasi dengan perusahaan lain dalam suatu jaringan kerjasama dan lain-lain.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">C. Nilai Bisnis Internet</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Dewasa ini banyak perusahaan yang memanfaatkan situs – situs perdagangan elektronik. Berbagai alasan yang mendasari langkah tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1. Menghasilkan pendapatan baru melalui penjualan online</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2. Memperkecil biaya melalui penjualan dan dukungan pelanggan secara online</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3. Menarik pelanggan baru melalui pemasaran dan iklan web dan penjualan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">secara online</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4. Meningkatkan loyalitas pelanggan lama melalui peningkatan layanan dan dukungan web</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">5. Mengembangkan pemasaran dan saluran distribusi yang baru yang berbasis web untuk produk – produk sekarang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">6. Membuat produk – produk baru agar segera bisa diakses melalui web</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sekarang ini banyak perusahaan – perusahaan yang membuat situs untuk mendukung pembelian produk – produk mereka secara online untuk meningkatkan penjualan selain melalui toko – toko konvensional mereka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">D. Organisasi Virtual</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Dukungan internet untuk bisnis ahirnya melahirkan organisasi yang dikenal dengan sebutan organisasi virtual ( Virtual Organization ). Yang dimaksud dengan organisasi virtual adalah suatu jaringan organisasi yang independen yang dihubungkan melalui tehnologi informasi dengan tujuan untuk mengekploitasi peluang pasar dengan berbagai keterampilan, biaya, dan akses pasar. Organisasi seperti ini biasa beroprasi berdasarakan proyek, namun ada juga yang beroprasi secara permanen. Umumnya organisasi seperti ini memiliki sedikit sekali pegawai tetap dan fasilitas administrasi secukupnya saja. Ketika mendapat proyek baru, organisasi akan menghimpun berbagai daya dari organisasi-organisasi mitra kerjanya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Global Research Consortium ( GRC ) merupakan contoh organisasi virtual. Perusahaan ini menawarkan layanan penelitian dan konsultasi kepada perusahaan-perusahaan yang berbisnis di Asia dengan hanya memiliki tiga pegawai tetap. Ketika ada proyek baru, organisasi ini akan melakukan subkontrak pekerjaan kepada beberapa konsultan dan peneliti independen yang telah memiliki hubungan dengannya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">E. E-Intermediary</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">E-commerce melahirkan pula perantara yang berbasis internet dan dikenal dengan sebutan e-intermediary. E-intermediary (Ebert dan Griffin, 2003) adalah para anggota saluran distribusi internet yang melakukan salah satu atau dua fungsi berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Mereka mengumpulkan informasi tentang para penjual dan menyajikanya dalam bentuk yang praktis kepada para konsumen</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Mereka membantu menyalurkan produk-produk internet ke konsumen.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Tiga macam e-intermediary yang terkenal saat ini yaitu penjual bersindikat (syndicated seller), agen pembelanjaan (shopping agent), dan makelar bisnis-ke-bisnis (business-to-business broker).</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">F. Penjual Bersindikat</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Penjual bersindikat adalah sebuah situs web yang menawarkan hubungan kepada konsumen ke situs-situs web lain dan atas jasa ini web yang menghubungkan ke web lain akan mendapatkan komisi. Hubungan dibentuk melalui iklan (banner ad) yang dipampangkan dalam halaman web. Konsumen akan dihubungkan ke web bersangkutan sekiranya mengklik gambar iklan tersebut. Sebagai contoh, banyak situs yang menayangkan iklan dari toko buku online Amazon.com</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">G. Agen Pembelanjaan </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Agen pembelajaan atau lebih dikenal dengan e-agent, merupakan suatu situs yang membantu para konsumen dengan memberikan kemudahan untuk mendapatkan informasi yang diperlukan konsumen dalam rangka membuat keputusan membeli.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1. Perantara seperti ini umumnya tidak memiliki produk sendiri yang dijual.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2. Fokus perantara seperti ini adalah menyediakan informasi dari sejumlah situs lain yang menjual produk yang dicari oleh konsumen.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3. Sebagai contoh adalah PriceSCAN ( www.pricescan.com) yang merupakan e-agent untuk mencari informasi tentang komputer dan berbagai produk lain beserta harganya, atau Travelocity (www.travelocity.com) adalah e-agent yang memungkinkan seseorang memesan tiket pesawat terbang ataupun memesan kamar hotel.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">H. Makelar Bisnis-ke-Bisnis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Seperti halnya e-agent, makelar B2B tidak memiliki produk sendiri untuk dijual. Makelar B2B menyediakan sarana komunikasi antar pelaku bisnis. Sebagai contoh adalah Edfex ( www.edfex.com) yang menyediakan informasi-informasi terkini mengenai produk dan harga yang berasal dari pemasuk maupun konsumen yang lain.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">I. M-commerce dan Teknologi WAP</span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">M-commerce </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">(Mobile commerce) dikenal sebagai generasi berikutnya dari <i>e-commerce</i>. Jika e-commerce secara umum menggunakan perangkat PC untuk mendorong transformasi bisnis yang memungkinkan pengguna melakukan transaksi tanpa dibatasi dimensi waktu (dengan masih dibatasi kebebasan lokasi), maka <i>m-commerce </i>mencoba menjadi solusi untuk menyediakan tingkat pelayanan yang lebih baik dalam memfasilitasi transaksi dengan menghilangkan sebanyak mungkin keterbatasan yang terkait dengan lokasi. <i>M-commerce </i>adalah segala bentuk tranksaksi penjualan dan pembelian produk yang dilakukan melalui perangkat bergerak seperti telepon seluler atau PDA. Dengan menggunakan peralatan ini, pemakai dapat mengakses Internet tanpa memerlukan PC, sehingga tranksaksi bisa dilakukan kapan saja dan dimana saja. Beberapa produk dan service dari <i>M-commerce </i>diantaranya ialah <i>mobile vouchers, mobile banking, mobile payment, mobile ticketing, dll.</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Mobile Ticketing</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Pada prinsipnya <i>mobile ticketing </i>menggunakan media perangkat bergerak seperti handphone atau pda, untuk menggantikan tiket konvensional seperti kertas dan plastik. Aplikasi <i>mobile ticketing </i>sendiri dapat digunakan pada beberapa kegiatan, misalnya pembelian tiket pesawat atau kereta api on-line, tiket konser, tiket bioskop, dll.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Untuk penggunaan tiket dari sistem <i>mobile ticketing</i>, konsumen harus melalui beberapa tahapan, diantaranya :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">1. Pembelian tiket (<i>mobile purchasing</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Pembelian tiket untuk aplikasi <i>mobile ticketing </i>dapat dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu pembelian on-line lewat internet, ataupun lewat SMS (<i>Short Message Service</i>) dengan cara mengirimkan kode-kode tertentu dari tiket yang akan dibeli. Sedangkan untuk pembayarannya bisa menggunakan <i>credit card </i>ataupun <i>direct operator billing</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">2. Pengiriman tiket (<i>mobile ticket delivery</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Untuk pengirimannya bisa dalam 2 bentuk, yaitu dalam bentuk teks yang memanfaatkan teknologi SMS, dan biasanya berisi kode tiket. Sedangkan yang kedua dalam bentuk gambar dengan memanfaatkan teknologi MMS, dan biasanya berbentuk barcode.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">3. Pembacaan tiket (<i>mobile ticket scanning</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Biasanya untuk pemeriksaan tiket yang berbasiskan teks tidak memerlukan alat scan untuk membaca datanya, tapi untuk tiket yang berbasiskan gambar (barcode), maka dibutuhkan alat bantu scan untuk membaca datanya. Untuk barcode 1-Dimensi / liniear menggunakan teknologi <i>laser scanners</i>, sedangkan untuk barcode 2 Dimensi menggunakan teknologi CCD ( <i>color capture device </i>).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">4. Validasi Tiket (<i>mobile ticket validation</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Hampir sebagian besar tiket konvensional untuk proses validasinya tidak memerlukan koneksi terhadap komputer server. Sedangkan untuk proses validasi pada sistem <i>mobile tikecting, </i>memerlukan koneksi ke server. Koneksi diperlukan untuk membuktikan keaslian tiket tersebut dan memeriksa apakah tiket tersebut sudah pernah digunakan sebelumnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Teknologi WAP</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Teknologi yang mendasari <i>M-commerce </i>adalah WAP (<i>Wireless Application Protocol</i>). WAP adalah suatu standar yang dibuat oleh Industriindustri yang tergabung dalam WAP Forum yang bertujun untuk memudahkan komunikasi internet dan layanan –layanan lainnya pada klien yang menggunakan peranti nirkabel (tanpa kabel). Dengan adanya WAP, kebutuhan-kebutuhan khusus akan jaringan nirkabel yang memungkinkan pelaku komunikasi dapat bergerak bebas menjadi terpenuhi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">Proses kerja WAP secara garis besar dapat dilihat pada Gambar diatas. User berkomunikasi dengan WAP Gateway dengan mengirimkan permintaan WAP dalam format WAP. Permintaan WAP tersebut kemudian ditranslasikan menjadi permintaan HTTP, yang kemudian dikirimkan ke server HTTP. Setelah itu Web Server akan memproses permintaan dari user tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">WAP Gateway menyampaikan permintaan dari user (permintaan WAP) dalam bentuk WML (sebagai permintaan HTTP). WML (<i>Wireless Markup Language</i>) adalah bahasa semacam HTML yang lebih sederhana dan terdefinisi secara lebih baik.</span></div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-85951356049271184742012-12-20T07:17:00.000-08:002012-12-20T07:17:02.455-08:00Internet<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sekilas Tentang Internet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Internet adalah sistem global dari seluruh
jaringan komputer yang saling terhubung menggunakan standar Internet Protocol
Suite (TCP/IP) untuk melayani miliaran pengguna di seluruh dunia. Internet
merupakan sebuah teknologi yang penting dan dibutuhkan untuk mengakses segala
informasi berharga dari berbagai belahan dunia. Saat ini, internet dipandang
sebagai jaringan komputer terbesar di dunia. Internet dapat diartikan sebagai
kumpulan dari jaringan-jaringan komputer, baik skala besar maupun kecil, yang dihubungkan
oleh jaringan komunikasi dan meliputi seluruh dunia. Jadi secara singkat,
internet adalah hubungan antar komputer dan jaringan komputer yang saling
berjauhan untuk berbagi data dan informasi satu sama lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Banyak
Aktivitas yang dapat ditangani oleh internet ; misalnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistem pembelajaran jarak jauh (distance
Learning/ e-Learning)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistem Telepon dengan biaya murah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pencarian lowongan kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">transfer uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cara Mengakses Internet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada
cara-cara yang mudah untuk meningkatkan kecepatan akses internat tanpa harus
membayar biaya lebih mahal. Cara tersebut diantaranya adalah dengan mengatur
web browser, menggunakan openDNS, dan menggunakan Google Web Accelerator. Penerapan
ketiga cara di atas sangatlah mudah. Untuk cara pertama, mengatur web browser,
dapat dilakukan oleh pengguna Internet Explorer dan Mozilla Firefox. Bagi
pengguna Internet Explorer, Anda dapat memilih menu Tools, kemudian klik
Internet Option.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selanjutnya
pilih tab General dan pada kolom “Temporary Internet files” klik Settings dan
geser posisi slider-nya pada kolom Temporary Internet files folder. Hal ini
akan memperbesar cache atau lokasi penyimpanan situs-situs yang anda pernah
buka. Sebaliknya isilah dengan nilai minimal 5 person dari kapasitas harddisk
Anda. Bagi pengguna Mozilla Firefox anda dapat mengetikkan “about:config” pada
address bar, setelah itu ubah “network.http.pipelining” dan “network.http.proxy
pipelining” menjadi “true”, serta isi “network.http.pipelining.maxrequests”
antara 30 –100 ( semakin besar semakin cepat ). Yang terakhir klik kanan dimana
saja dan pilih New Integer , tuliskan “nglayout.initialpaint.delay” lalu isi
dengan 0.Sedangkan untuk cara kedua, anda terlebih dahulu harus mendaftar di
www.openDNS.com. Setelah itu masuklah ke Control Panel dari Start Menu dan
pilih Network Connections. Kemudian pilih koneksi yang digunakan dan klik
tombol Properties. Pada bagian Internet protokol, pilihlah TCP/IP dan klik
properties.<br />
Masukkan angka 208.67.222.222 dan 208.67.220.220 pada opsi DNS dan restart
komputer anda.Setelah melakukan dua cara di atas, seharusnya anda sudah
mendapatkan kecepatan akses yang lebih dari sebelumnya. Namun bagi yang masih
belum puas dengan kecepatan aksesnya sekarang dapat menggunakan cara yang
ketiga yaitu menggunakan Google Web Accelerator. Google Web Accelerator
didisain khusus untuk mempercepat akses internet anda, khususnya bagi anda yang
menggunakan koneksi broadband (pita lebar) seperti TV Kabel dan ADSL. Untuk
anda yang menggunakan koneksi lain seperti Dial-up (Telkomnet Instant) maupun
Satelit, Google Web Accelerator juga dapat sedikit membantu mempercepat
aksesnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk
memakai Google Web Accelerator, kriteria yang harus dipenuhi antara lain Sistem
Operasi harus menggunakan Windows XP atau Windows 2000. Web browser yang
digunakan harus Internet Explorer versi 5.5 ke atas atau Mozilla Firefox versi
1.0 ke atas. Untuk browser lainnya sebenarnya juga bisa, tetapi anda harus
meng-konfigurasi Proxy Settings di dalam web browser tersebut dengan menambah
127.0.0.1:9100 pada HTTP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengenal Alamat Internet Protokol (IP)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alamat IP
adalah Kombinasi angka unik yang ditetapkan untuk mengindentifikasi / mengenali
suatu host di suatu jaringan / internet agar bisa berkomunikasi satu sama lain.
Angka ini dibutuhkan oleh software-software internet untuk mengakses informasi
dari dan ke host tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seorang tukang
pos akan mudah dalam mengirimkan surat kepada tujuannya ketika alamat rumah
penerima lengkap dan jelas. Begitu juga didunia networking / internet, setiap
computer yang ingin terhubung ke jaringan / internet maka computer tsb harus
memiliki alamat yang jelas agar bisa berkomunikasi satu sama lain. Pengguna
internet umumnya hanya mengenal nama domain dari alamat website yang akan
dikunjungi, seperti: </span><a href="http://www.detik.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">detik.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://www.ilmukomputer.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ilmukomputer.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://www.e-dukasi.net/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">e-dukasi.net</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://www.yahooo.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">yahoo.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://www.gmail.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gmail.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dll. Tapi
sebenarnya alamat-alamat tersebut merupakan konversi dari alamat computer /
jaringan berbasiskan angka yang unik. Konsep dasarnya pengalamatan pada
komputer menggunakan sekumpulan angka sebanyak 32 bit </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_IPv4"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">(IPv4)</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">atau 128 bit </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_IP_versi_6"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">(IPv6)</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> yang dikenal
sebagai </span><a href="http://klik-kanan.com/fokus/check-ip-address.shtml"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">IP address</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>(Alamat IP)</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adanya </span><a href="http://klik-kanan.com/fokus/check-ip-address.shtml"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">IP Address</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> merupakan konsekuensi
dari penerapan </span><a href="http://my.opera.com/winaldi/blog/2007/02/26/konsep-dasar-ip-address"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Internet Protocol </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">untuk
mengintegrasikan jaringan komputer Internet di dunia. Seluruh host (komputer)
yang terhubung ke Internet dan ingin berkomunikasi memakai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">TCP/IP </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">harus memiliki IP Address sebagai alat pengenal
host pada network. Secara logika, Internet merupakan suatu network besar yang
terdiri dari berbagai sub network yang terintegrasi. Oleh karena itu, suatu </span><a href="http://soerya.surabaya.go.id/AuP/e-DU.KONTEN/edukasi.net/mengenal%20IP%20Address/IP%20Address"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">IP Address</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> harus bersifat
unik. Tidak boleh ada satu IP Address yang sama dipakai oleh dua host yang
berbeda. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Contoh IP
Address : 66.249.89.99</span><a href="http://www.google.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (www.google.com) ,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
203.130.198.131</span><a href="http://www.e-dukasi.net/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (www.e-dukasi.net) </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, 192.168.0.1, dll<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk itu,
penggunaan IP Address di seluruh dunia dikoordinasi oleh lembaga sentral
Internet yang di kenal dengan IANA </span><a href="http://www.iana.org/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">(Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority).</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Badan-badan yang mengawal IP dibawah IANA
adalah: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://www.apnic.net/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">APNIC </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Asia Pacific Network
Information Centre) – kawasan Asia / Pacific <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://www.arin.net/index.shtml"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ARIN</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (American Registry for
Internet Numbers) – kawasan Amerika Utara dan Afrika <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://lacnic.net/en/index.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">LACNIC</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (Regional Latin-American and
Caribbean IP Address Registry) – kawasan Amerika Latin dan beberapa
kepulauan Karibia <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://www.ripe.net/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">RIPE NCC</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (Réseaux IP Européens) –
kawasan Eropa, Asia tengah, and Afrika utara. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IP Address
berdasarkan perkembangannya dibagi kepada dua jenis : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IPv4 ( Internet Protocol versi
4 ) Merupakan Alamat IP yang terdiri dari 32 bit yang dibagi menjadi 4
segmen berukuran 8 bit. ditetapkan oleh IANA <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IPv6 ( Internet Protocol versi 6 ) Merupakan
alamat ip yang terdiri dari 128 bit ditetapkan oleh IANA untuk mengatasi
permintaan IP Address yang semakin meningkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bentuk nama
domain secara umum adalah semacam berikut: uinsgd.ac.id<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">uinsgd </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menyatakan domain atau lokasi dalam internet<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ac </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menyatakan tipe domain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">id </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menyatakan identitas Negara tempat domain
berada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tipe domain
sangat bermacam-macam :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tipe Domain<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">com atau co<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perusahaan
komersial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">edu atau ac<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Institusi
pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">gov atau go<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biro atau
badan pemerintah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Militer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Net<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyedia
jaringan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">org atau or<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Organisasi
lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berbagai contoh
untuk identitas Negara :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Identitas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Negara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Identitas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Negara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">At<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Austria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">my<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Malaysia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Au<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Australia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">nz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selandia Baru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kanada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Singapura<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">De<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jerman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Turki<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">fr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prancis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tw<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">id<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">uk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Inggris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">jp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jepang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">us<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Korea Selatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Venezuela<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.1pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meksiko<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">za<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.15pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Afrika
Selatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Khusus untuk
domain yang berada di USA, identitas us umumnya tidak dicantumkan, misalnya :
ibm.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menyatakan
domain bernama<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ibm</b> yang berada di
Amerika Serikat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.Sumber Daya di Internet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 31.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sumber Daya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E-mail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Digunakan
untuk mealakukan pertukaran surat menyurat elektronis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">News Group<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Forum Diskusi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelompok
diskusi dengan menggunakan surat elektronis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IRC (Internet
Realy Chat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fasilitas
yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memungkinkan pemakai melakukan
dialog dalam bentuk bahasa tertulis secara interaktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Telnet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fasilitas
yang memungkinkan pemakai melakukan koneksi (login) ke semua system komputer <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">FTP (File
Transfer Protocol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sarana untuk
melakukan transfer berkas dari komputerlokal ke suatu computer lain atau
sebaliknya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gopher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perangkat
yang memungkinkan pemakai untuk menemukan informasi yang terdapat pada server
gopher melalui menu yang bersifat hierarkis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Archie<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perangkat
yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pencarian berkas pda situs FTP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Veronica
(Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Archieves)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Merupakan
kemampuan tambahan yang dipakai untuk melakukan pencarian pada situs-situs
gopher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">WAIS (Wide
Area Information Servers)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perangkat
yang digunakan untuk melakukan pencarian data pada internet yang dilaksanakan
dengan menyebutkan nama, basis data, dan kata kunci yang dicari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">World Wide
Web<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.6pt;" valign="top" width="390"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">System yang
memungkinkan pengaksesan informasi dalam internet melalui pendekatan
hypertext<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surat Elektronis </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E-Mail (Electronic Mail)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aplikasi yang memungkinkan seseorang mengirimkan surat elektronik ke orang
lain yang berada di lokasi yang berjauhan dengannya, dengan syarat keduanya
memiliki koneksi ke internet. Agar seseorang bisa memiliki alamat surat
internet (e-mail) maka dia harus mendaptarkan diri pada satu penyedia layanan,
baik secara offline maupun secara online. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alamat e-Mail</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk menggunakan email dengan mendaptarkan alamat kepada penyedia layanan
pengguna dapat menggunakan perangkat lunak berupa Eudora, Outlook Express,
KMail ataupun langsung menggunakan mail pada web-web yang menyediakan fasilitas
email seperti : </span><a href="http://www.yahoo.co.id/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.yahoo.co.id</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://www.hotmail.com/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.hotmail.com</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. dll.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk dapat berkomunikasi via email pengguna harus memiliki alamat email
yang telah didaftarkan dan alamat email teman yang akan dikirimkan email.
Contoh alamat email :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<a href="mailto:Abdullah_89@unri.ac.id"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Abdullah_89@unri.ac.id</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2938264503582220770" name="more"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Isi e-Mail</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">To</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> : menyatakan alamat email
tujuan yang akan dikirim surat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">CC</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> : (carbon COPY) alamat
orang lain yang akan mendapatkan tembusan surat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bcc</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> : (blind carbon copy) :
alamat orang yang mendapatkan tembusan tetapi orang yang di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">To </b> tidak mengetahui bahwa email
ditmbuskan kepada Bcc ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subject</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> : Kepala surat sebagai
gambaaran isi surat bahwa orang yang dikirim mengetahui gambaran isi surat yang
dikirimkan kepadanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Attachmen</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">t (att. sisipan /
berkas)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sisipan file berupa
document, vide ataupun gambar yang turut dilampirkan dan dikirimkan bersamaan
dengan surat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etika mengirim
e-Mail</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etika dalam pemgiriman
email (netetiquete atau internetetiquette) :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hindari Penggunaan Huruf Kapital pada seluruh pesan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dapat diartikan sebagai
teriakan, marah dan tidak sopan, untuk penggunaan pada kata-kata tertenru masih
diperkenankan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hindari pengiriman sisipan/berkas yang sangat besar (terkecuali jika
diminta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika menjawab email
kutipan yang dikembalikan ke sipengirim semula hanya yang relevan saja (jangan
semuanya).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hindari penggunaan
kata-kata, pedas, tidak sopan dan menyinggung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hindari kesalahan
penulisan, tatabahasa, ejaan dan tidak perlu mengkritik pada saat anda
menerima pesan dari orang lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">f. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bacalah FAQ (Frequently
Asked Question) jika anda baru bergabung dalam sebuah group diskusi (mailling
list)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">FAQ : Atursn yang harus
dipenuhi oleh anggota group doskusi untuk berkomunikasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">EX. Mailist PSP :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">g. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gunakan Singkatan seperlunya (BTW=By the way dll), gunakan Emoticon pada
pengiriman surat yang tidak rsmi/formal :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">J : Senyum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">L : mengerutkan dahi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">;-) : mengedipkan mata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:-o : terkejut.dll</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E-mail Sampah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spam atau junk mail berupa
surat yang berisikan ikaln atau surat berantai yang biasanya menjengkelkan dan
dapat dihapus menggunakan pilihan pada web penyedia layanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6. Mailing List<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mailing list atau group
diskusi adalah sumberdaya internet yang memungkinkan anggota suatu kelompok
berdiskusi melalui surat elektronik. Jika anggota kelompok mengirimkan surat
maka anggota kelompok tersebut akan menerima surat tersebut. Untuk mendaftar
menjadi anggota harus mendaftar pada group mailing list (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alamat email</i>) tersebut begitujuga mau keluar dari keanggotaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk melihat daftar mailing list = http ://paml.alastra.com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7.Newsgroup</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">News group adalah suatu kelompok diskusi yang tidak menggunakan
email. Diskusi dilakukan dengan menggunakan koneksi langsung kelokasi
newsgroup. Untuk mengakses newsgroup diperlukan perangkat lunak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">newsreader </i>yang dipasang pada computer
klien.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8. World Wide
Web<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">World Wide Web (WWW),
lebih populer dengan istilah Web, merupakan aplikasi internet yang paling
digemari oleh pengguna internet. Web mula-mula diperkenal-kan oleh
Tim-Berners-Lee pada tahun 1992 di CERN, laboratorium Fisika Partikel Eropa
yang berlokasi di Jenewa, Swiss, dan setelah populer kemudian diambil alih
pengembangannya oleh W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). Marc Andressen merancang
sebuah perangkat lunak untuk menampilkan halaman Web yang diciptakan oleh
Tim-Berners Lee, yang dinamakan sebagai web-browser. Web menjadi populer karena
kemampuannya menyajikan objek multimedia pada halaman tampilan-nya, sehingga
bisa dijadikan sebagai sumber informasi yang memuat teks, gambar, suara, citra,
dan video, yang diatur oleh program HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Format alamat situs Web biasanya ditulis sebagai :
http://www.organisasi.tipe.negara, misalnya: situs pemda Makassar adalah
http://www.makassar.go.id, atau situs koran Kompas adalah </span><a href="http://www.kompas.co.id/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.kompas.co.id</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> a .<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dasar
World Wide Web</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Web menggunakan protocol
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) yang berjalan pada TCP/IP, dokumen web
ditulis dalam format HTML (HyperText Markup Languge). Dokumen ini diletakkan di
web server (server yang meminta pelayanan web) dan diakses oleh klien melalui
perangkat lunak yang disebut dengan web browser.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hypertext adalah metode
yang mengaitkan suatu hubungan (link) pada suatu document ke document lain
melalui suatu teks yang apabila diklik oleh pengguna maka dokumen dengan link
tersebut segera ditampilkan oleh browser.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Istilah web site (situs
web) menyatakan lokasi dari nama domain web. Contoh : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">toko buku online amazon : </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.amazon.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">web republika online : </span><a href="http://www.republika.co.id/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.republika.co.id</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">informasi yang terdapat
pada web disebut halaman wb (web page), untuk mengakses halaman web dari
browser, pemakai perlu menyebutkan URL (Uniform Resource Location). Yang
tersusun atas tiga bagian :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Format transfer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama host.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Path berkas dokumen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .5in 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seperti : </span><a href="http://www.pesona.com/thias/index.html"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.pesona.com/thias/index.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Format
transfer / Protokol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 34.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama
Direktori<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama Untuk
Web Server<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama dokumen
Web<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Web
Portal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Web portal atau portal
adalah suatu situs web yang memilikifitur seperti direktori, mesin pencari
(search engine), email atau group diskusi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Direktori </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan daftar link yang disusun menurut kelompok tertentu (misalnya
pendidikan, kesehatan) dan dapat digunakan sebagai awal menuju informasi
tertentu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Search engine</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> adalah : fasilitas yang
memungkinkan pemakai mencari informasi tertentu dengan memasukkan suatu kata
kunci.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Contoh-contoh Search
Engine yang terkenal adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .75in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">www.google.com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">www..bing..com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">www.altavista.com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://www.yahoo.com/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.yahoo.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mult</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">media
pada Web</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mendukung
multimedia, computer klien harus dilengkapi dengan program yang disebut viewer
atau terkadang disebut plug-in. Program ini perlu disediakan karena sejumlah
berkas tertentu tidak disukung oleh browser. Sebagai contoh memainkan film dg
ekstensi .MOV, Fla dll dibutuhkan perangkat lunak quick time . beberapa contoh
plugin :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Acrobat reader : PDF</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Flash Player : animasi,
video dan lagu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quick time : Animasi film
dan lagu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Real jukebox : music</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Real player : Video dan audio.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">9. FTP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">FTP (File Transfer Protocol) merupakan protokol yang digunakan untuk
memindahmindahkan file, kita dapat dengan mudah mengupload dan mendownload file
seperti dalam file-file dalam sebuah komputer. Dalam FTP intinya ada 2
perpindahan file;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Upload</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, perpindahan file dari komputer lokal ke FTP server<br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Download</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, perpindahan file dari
FTP server ke komputer lokal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk melakukan FTP dapat
digunakan berbagai jenis FTP client, dapat dari DOS prompt, Internet Explorer,
Tocal Commander dan FTP-FTP client lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10. Telnet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Merupakan kmponen
klien/server yang terdapat dalam paket TCP/IP yang berfungsi melkukan login
(masuk kedalam suatu system)jarak jauh. Dalam hal ini klien yang melakukan
telnet akan berfungsi sebagai terminal. Untuk melakukan telnet, klienharus
memiliki program klien telnet misalnya cute.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E-Learning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E-learning secara luas merupakan proses pembelajaran melalui media
elektronik sepertiinternet.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Salah satu bentuk elearning adalah denganadanya digital library. Dalam
digital library berisi e-book, artikel-artikel, ceramah-ceramah dalam audio dan
lain sebagainya. Contoh perpustakaan digital adalah Ganesha Digital Library
Dengan pemanfaatan internet sebagai media untuk belajar, internet dapat disebut
sebagai perpustakaan raksasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">11. IRC </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Internet Relay Chat)</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Chatting adalah aplikasi
yang digemari banyak orang terutama anak muda, karena memberi layanan
berkomunikasi antar teman melalui internet (Internet Relay Chatting / IRC).
Komunikasi yang dilakukan pada umumnya komunikasi teks, dimana dua orang yang
sedang chatting akan ber-balas-balasan kalimat pendek yang diketik pada layar
monitor. Program Chat banyak digunakan dengan program IRC seperti WinIRC dan
mIRC.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">12. VoIP</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">VoIP<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>(Voice Over Internet
Protocol) adalah suatu teknologi yang memungkinkan percakapan suara melalui
internet. Konsepnya adalah sumber suara yang berupa isyarat analog diubah
menjadi isyarat digital, dan suara dikirim melalui internet berupa paket-paket.
Selain menggunakan IP VOIP juga memanfaatkan RTP (Real Time Protocol) agar
paket-paket diterima tepat waktu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keuntungan VoIP :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">VoIP biaya komunikasi
jarak jauh menjadi lebihj mudah, dengan kualitas yang lumayan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengelolahan internet dan
jalur suara menjadi lebih sederhana dengan jaringan yang sama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memungkinkan aplikasi
seperti pertemuan rapat online (e-conference).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelemahan-nya adalah kualitas suara yang mungkin buruk akibat rintangan
dalam jaringan internet yang sibuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">13. Membangun Halaman Web</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aplikasi yang berbasis web
sangat mendominasi pada lingkungan internet. yang menjadi landasan aplikasi
seperti ini adalah HTML. HTML umumnya dibuat dengan menggunakan suatu perangkat
lunak pembangkit kode-kode HTML. Sebagai contoh, para pemakai windows biasa
menggunakan Ms. FrontPage untuk membuat halaman-halama Web. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada prakteknya, aplikasi berbasis Web tidak hana ditulis
dengan kode HTML, melainkan juga melibatkan kode-kode lain seperti PHP atau
Perl. Tujuannya adalah ntuk membentuk halamanyang bersifat dinamis. Perlu
diketahui, aplikasi web itu sendiri dapat dibagi menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Web Statis, dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Web dinamis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Web Statis dibentuk dengan
menggunakan HTML saja. Kekurangannya terletak pada keharusan memelihara program
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara terus menerus untuk mengiuti
setiap perubahan yang terjadi. Kelemahan ini diatasi dengan model aplikasi Web
dinamis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan memperluas
kemampuan HTML, yakni dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak tambahan, perubahan
infrmasi pada halaman-halaman Web dapat ditangani melalui perubahan data, bukan
melalui perubahan program. Sebagai implementasinya, aplikasi web dapat
dikoneksikan ke basis data. Dengan demikian, perubHn informasi dapat dilakukan
oeh operator atau yang bertanggung jawab atas kemuktahiran data dan tidak
menjad tanggung jawab pemogream atau Webmaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">14. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Online Banking</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bank ini menyajikan
layanan online melalui internet, dimana nasabah dapat mendapatkan informasi
tentang berbagai urusan perbankan, dan juga bisa untuk memeriksa rekening tanpa
perlu ke bank. Masalah utama adalah masalah keamanan data, dimana rekening
seseorang bisa dibobol, dsb.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Radio Broadcasting</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berbagai stasiun radio
menyebarkan siaran-nya melalui internet sehingga pendengar tidak memerlukan
antena khusus untuk menangkap siaran radio favorit-nya. Teknologi audio
streaming digunakan untuk menyalurkan suara ke internet, walaupun
reliabilitas-nya kurang, mengingat teknologi streaming adalah teknologi
packet-switching, sehingga bisa terjadi penundaan waktu yang menyebabkan suara
terputus-putus, bahkan beberapa paket suara mungkin hilang dalam media
transmisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">16. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Video Broadcasting</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa stasiun TV juga
memiliki situs di internet untuk menyebarluaskan siaran-nya. Disamping itu,
aplikasi seperti netmeeting, CU-SeeMe yang menyajikan video-conferencing
melalui internet juga kini sudah bisa digunakan oleh banyak orang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">17. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E-Government</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Internet juga dapat digunakan untuk memudahkan pekerjaan-pekerjaan dalam
pemerintahan seperti admnistrasi KTP, pajak dan lain sebagainya. Jika
E-government diterapkan dengan baik maka banyak efisiensi yang bisa dilakukan
seperti tidak berbelit-belitnya jalur birokrasi dan transparasi dalam
pengelolaan pemerintah. Selain itu, komunikasi yang baik antara rakyat dan pemerintah
juga akan sangat membantu dalam menciptakan pemerintah yang bersih dan
berwibawa yang ini dapat dibantu dengan adanya internet.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
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Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-70848144163632653152012-12-20T04:49:00.003-08:002012-12-20T04:49:47.516-08:00Basis Data<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Pengertian Basis Data: Pangkalan data atau basis data (bahasa Inggris: database), atau sering pula dieja basisdata, adalah kumpulan informasi yang disimpan di dalam komputer secara sistematik sehingga dapat diperiksa menggunakan suatu program komputer untuk memperoleh informasi dari basis data tersebut. Perangkat lunak yang digunakan untuk mengelola dan memanggil kueri (query) basis data disebut sistem manajemen basis data (database management system, DBMS). Sistem basis data dipelajari dalam ilmu informasi.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Istilah “basis data” berawal dari ilmu komputer. Meskipun kemudian artinya semakin luas, memasukkan hal-hal di luar bidang elektronika, artikel ini mengenai basis data komputer. Catatan yang mirip dengan basis data sebenarnya sudah ada sebelum revolusi industri yaitu dalam bentuk buku besar, kuitansi dan kumpulan data yang berhubungan dengan bisnis.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Konsep dasar dari basis data adalah kumpulan dari catatan-catatan, atau potongan dari pengetahuan. Sebuah basis data memiliki penjelasan terstruktur dari jenis fakta yang tersimpan di dalamnya: penjelasan ini disebut skema. Skema menggambarkan obyek yang diwakili suatu basis data, dan hubungan di antara obyek tersebut. Ada banyak cara untuk mengorganisasi skema, atau memodelkan struktur basis data: ini dikenal sebagai model basis data atau model data. Model yang umum digunakan sekarang adalah model relasional, yang menurut istilah layman mewakili semua informasi dalam bentuk tabel-tabel yang saling berhubungan dimana setiap tabel terdiri dari baris dan kolom (definisi yang sebenarnya menggunakan terminologi matematika). Dalam model ini, hubungan antar tabel diwakili denga menggunakan nilai yang sama antar tabel. Model yang lain seperti model hierarkis dan model jaringan menggunakan cara yang lebih eksplisit untuk mewakili hubungan antar tabel.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Istilah basis data mengacu pada koleksi dari data-data yang saling berhubungan, dan perangkat lunaknya seharusnya mengacu sebagai sistem manajemen basis data (database management system/DBMS). Jika konteksnya sudah jelas, banyak administrator dan programer menggunakan istilah basis data untuk kedua arti tersebut (Wikipedia contributors, 2012).</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Sejarah Kemunculan Basisdata:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Menurut sejarah, sistem pemrosesan basisdata terbentuk setelah masa sistem pemrosesan manual dan sistem pemrosesan berkas. Sistem pemrosesan manual (berbasis kertas) merupakan bentuk pemrosesan yang menggunakan dasar berupa setumpuk rekaman yang disimpan pada rak-rak berkas. Jika suatu berkas diperlukan, berkas tersebut harus dicari pada rak-rak tersebut. Bentuk seperti ini masih banyak dijumpai dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Contoh yang lain adalah buku telepon saku dimana seseorang relative mudah mencari nama-nama rekannya karena datanya telah disusun secara alfabetis. Namun demikian kemudahan seperti ini tetap saja kurang efektif. Data tidak bisa diurutkan menurut kata atau nomor telepon. Jika hal seperti itu dikehendaki, tidak ada cara lain selain dengan menuliskannya kembali. Tentu saja hal itu tidak praktis.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Istilah dalam basis data:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">1. Enterprise</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Enterprise merupakan suatu bentuk organisasi seperti bank, universitas, pabrik, dan lain-lain. Data yang disimpan dalam basis data merupakan data operasional dari suatu enterprise.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Contoh data operasional :</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">- data keuangan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">- data mahasiswa</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">2. Entity (entitas)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Entitas adalah suatu objek yang dapat dibedakan dari lainnya yang dapat diwujudkan dalam basis data.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Contoh entity dalam Bank adalah :</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">- Nasabah</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">- Simpanan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">3. Attribute (atribut)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Atribut adalah karakteristik dari entitas tersebut.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Contoh entitas Nasabah, atributnya adalah : Kode Nasabah, Nama Nasabah, Alamat Nasabah.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">4. Data Value (nilai data)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Nilai data merupakan isi data / informasi yang tercakup dalam setiap elemen data.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Contoh atribut Nama Nasabah dapat berisi Nilai Data : Dita, Dini, Maia, dan lain-lain.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">5. Key Data elemen (kunci elemen data)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Tanda pengenal yang secara unik mengidentifikasi entitas dari suatu kumpulan entitas.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">6. Record Data</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Kumpulan isi elemen data (atribut) yang saling berhubungan.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Contoh : kumpulan atribut kode nasabah, nama nasabah, alamat nasabah (arta blog, 2012).</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Struktur Data dan Basis Data (Database):</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Telah diketahui bahwa secara fisik data dalam bentuk kumpulan bit dan direkam dengan basis track didalam media penyimpan eksternal. Dalam prakteknya, untuk kemudahan dalam mengakses data, data disusun dalam suatu struktur logis yang menjelaskan bahwa:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">1. Kumpulan tabel menyusun basis data,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">2. Tabel tersusun atas sejumlah record,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">3. Sebuah record mengandung sejumlah field, dan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">4. Sebuah field disimpan dalam bentuk kumpulan bit.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Pengertian masing-masing istilah diatas adalah seperti berikut:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">a. Field (medan) menyatakan data terkecil yang memiliki makna. Istilah lain untuk field yaitu elemen data, kolom item, dan atribut. Contoh field yaitu nama seseorang, jumlah barang yang dibeli, dan tanggal lahir seseorang.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">b. Record (rekaman) menyatakan kumpulan dari sejumlah elemen data yang saling terkait. Sebagai contoh, nama, alamat, tanggal lahir, dan jenis kelamin dari seseorang menyusun sebuah record. Istilah lain yang juga menyatakan record yaitu tupel dan baris.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">c. Tabel menghimpun sejumlah record. Sebagai contoh, data pribadi dari semua pegawai disimpan dalam sebuah tabel.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">d. Basis data (database) adalah suatu pengorganisasian sekumpulan data yang saling terkait sehingga memudahkan aktivitas untuk memperoleh informasi. Sebagai contoh, basis data akademis mengandung tabel-tabel yang berhubungan dengan data mahasiswa, data jurusan, data mata kuliah, data pengambilan mata kuliah pada suatu semester, dan nilai yang diperoleh mahasiswa .</span>Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-42102415935232576142012-12-20T03:26:00.002-08:002012-12-20T03:26:25.474-08:00Telekomunikasi<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Definisi Jaringan</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Komunikasi data yang melibatkan sebuah atau lebih
sistem komputer yang dihubungkan dengan jalur transmisi alat komunikasi
membentuk satu sistem. Dengan jaringan, komputer yang satu dapat mengunakan
data komputer yang lain, dapat mencetak laporan di printer di komputer yang
lain, dapat memberi berita ke komputer yang lain walaupun berlainan area.
Jaringan merupakan cara yang sangat berguna untuk mengintegrasikan sistem
informasi dan menyalurkan arus informasi dari satu area ke area lainnya.</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peranan Telekomunikasi</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Teknologi telekomunikasi atau biasa juga disebut
teknologi komuni kasi adalah teknologi yang berhubungan dengan komunikasi jarak
jauh Teknologi inilah yang memungkinan seseorang dapat mengirimkai informasi
atau menerima informasi ke atau dari pihak lain yang letakny; berjauhan.
Teknologi ini membuat jarak seperti tak ada lagi. Ratusanata bahkan ribuan
kilometer bukanlah menjadi hambatan untuk berkomun kasi secara online karena
kehadirannya.</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Sejauh ini teknologi telekomunikasi telah
melahirkan berbagai aplikasi, antara lain berupa:</span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">ATM</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">ATM telah menjadi mesin yang umum dijumpai di
Indonesia. Banyak bank yang telah menggunakan ATM sebagai sarana untuk
memudahkan para nasabah mengambil uang. Dengan menggunakan alat ini,
pengambilan uang dapat dilakukan kapan saja.</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Telekonferensi</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Telekonferensi, atau yang juga dikenal dengan
sebutan video-konferensi, adalah suatu sarana yang memungkinkan sejumlah orang
saling bercakap-cakap dan bertatap muka melalui komputer. Dengan memanfaatkan
teknologi Internet, videokonferensi mudah sekali untuk diimplementasikan.
Masing-masing pihak yang hendak berkomunikasi cukup duduk menghadap komputer
yang telah dilengkapi dengan kamera yang dinamakan webcam.</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Telecommuting</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Telecommuting berarti bekerja yang dilakukan tidak
dalam kantor. Seseorang dapat bekerja di rumah atau bahkan di dalam mobil yang
terus berpindah. Model kerja seperti ini mulai umum dilakukan, terutama pada
jenis pekerjaan yang memang tidak mungkin dilakukan di kantor (misalnya
wartawan yang sedang memburu berita) atau pada jenis pekerjaan yang tidak
memerlukan orang untuk datang ke kantor (misalnya pemrogram, yang membuat
program komputer).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Komputasi Grup Kerja</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Komputasi grup kerja (workgroup computing), atau
juga dinamak komputasi kolaboratif, adalah grup pekerja yang memakai komputer
yang terhubung dalam jaringan untuk berdiskusi dan menyelesaikan suatu masalah.
Teknologi seperti ini umum digunakan oleh pihak manejemen perusahaan untuk
melakukan rapat virtual (rapat yang diadakan dengan masing-masing pihak berada
dalam ruangan terpisah) guna melakukan pengambilan keputusan. Hal seperti ini
mudah direalisasikan dengan bantuan perangkat lunak yang dinamakan groupware
(misalnya Lotus Notes dan MS NetMeeting).</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">EDI</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) merupakan suatu
sistem yang memungkinkan data bisnis seperti dokumen pesanan pembelian dari
suatu perusahaan yang telah memiliki sistem informasi dikirimkan ke perusahaan
lain yangjuga telah memiliki sistem informasi</span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"> </span></span>C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengenal Jenis Isyarat</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">
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<!--[endif]--></span><span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Isyarat Analaog</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Biasa disebut Isyarat kontinyu yang membawa
informasi dengan mengubah</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">karakterisik gelombang dengan ciri memiliki
amplitudo dan frekuensi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Isyarat Digital</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Biasa disebut dengan isyarat diskret yang tersusun
atas dua keadaan disebut</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Bit yaitu keadaan 0 dan 1</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"> </span></span>D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Spektrum Frekuensi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span class="apple-style-span">Yaitu suatu isyarat menyatakan jangkauan frekuensi
yang dikandung oleh isyarat.</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Transmisi Paralel Dan Serial</span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Transmisi Paralel</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Mode dimana transmisinya semua bit dari karakter
yang diwakili oleh suatu</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">kode. Ditransmisikan secara serentak satu karakter
tiap saat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">T<span class="apple-style-span">ransmisi
Serial</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Merupakan mode transmisi yang umum dipergunakan,
pada mode ini masing-</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">masing bit dari suatu karakter dikirimkan secara
berurutan, yaitu dari bit per</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">bit. Satu diikuti oleh bit berikutnya. Penerima
kemudian marakit kembali arus</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">bit-bit yang datang ke dalam bentuk karakter.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"> </span></span>E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Konfigurasi Transmisi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span class="apple-style-span">Yaitu cara menghubungkan pirant-piranti yang
hendak berkomunikasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Titik Ke Titik ( Point To Point)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Menghubungkan secara khusus dua buah piranti yang
hendak berkomunikasi</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">yang dapat diterapkan pada dua buah komputer yang
berkomunikasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Multititik (Multi Point)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Hubungkan yang memungkinkan sebuah jalur dapat
digunakan oleh sejumlah</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">piranti yang berkomunikasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"> </span></span>F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arah Transmisi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Simplex</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Merupakan arah transmisi yang hanya dapat membawa
informasi data dalam bentuk satu arah saja, Tidak bolak-balik</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Siaran radio atau televisi adalah contoh dari arah
transmisi simplex, yaitu signal yang dikirimkan dari stasiun pemancar hanya
dapat diterima oleh pesawat penangkap siaran, tetapi pesawat penangkap siaran
tidak dapat mengirimkan informasi balik ke stasiun pemancar</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Pengiriman data dari satu komputer ke komputer
yang lain yang searah( komputer yang satu sebagai pengirim dan komputer yang
lainnya sebagai penerima) merupakan contoh dari transmisi simplex, misalnya
dari komputer Apple ke Komputer IBM PC.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Half-Duplex</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Merupakan arah transmisi dimana informasi data
dapat mengalir dalam dua arah yang bergantian (satu arah dalam suatu saat
tertentu), yaitu bila satu mengirimkan, yang lain sebagai penerimaan sebaliknya
tidak bisa serentak. Dengan Half-Duplex. Maka dapat mengirim dan menerima data.</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Radio CB Walkie talkie merupakan contoh dari
Half-duplex, yaitu dapat mendengarkan atau berbicara bergantian</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Full-Duplex</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Merupakan arah transmisi dimana informasi data
dapat mengalir dalam dua arah serentak (dapat mengirim dan menerima data secara
bersamaan). Komunikasi lewat telepon merupakan contoh dari Full-Duplex, yaitu
dapat berbicara dan sekaligus mendengarka yang sedang diucapkan oleh lawan
bicara.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"> </span></span>G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mode Transmisi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Transmisi Sinkron ( Synchronous Transmission)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Dimana waktu pengirima bit-bit di sumber pengirim
harus sinkron dengan waktu penerimaan bit-bit yang diterima oleh penerima
(receiver). Transmisi data yang menggunakan synchronous transmission menghadapi
permasalahan dalam sinkronisasi yang berhubungan dengan sinkronisasi bit (bit
synchronization) dan sinkronisasi karakter (character synchronization)yang
dikirim dengan yang diterima.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Transmisi Asinkron (Asynchronous Transmission)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Merupakan transmisi dari data yang ditransmisikan
atu karakter tiap waktu tertentu. Pengirim dapat mentransmisikan
karakter-karakter pada interval waktu yang berbeda, atau dengan kata lain tidak
harus dalam waktu yang sinkron antara pengiriman satu karakter dengan karakter
berikutnya. Tiap-tiap yang ditransmisikan sebagai satu kesatuan yang berdiri
sendiri dan penerima harus dapat mengenal masing-masing karakter diawali dengan
suatu bit-bit tambahan, yaitu start bit atau start pulse yang berupa nilai bit
0 dan stop bit atau stop pulse yang berupa nilai bit 1 diletakan pada akhir
dari masing-masing karakter.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="apple-style-span"></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Multiplexing</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span class="apple-style-span">Multiplexing adalah proses untuk mengirimkan
sejumlah isyarat melalui suatu media transmisi. Secara teknis proses ini dapat
dilakukan melalui teknik yang disebut FDM dan TDM.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">FDM (Frequency-division multiplexing)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">diterapkan pada media komunikasi yang broadband
(jalur-lebar), yaitu media komunikasi yang memungkinkan sejumlah saluran
dibentuk. Melalui teknik ini. data, video, dan suara dapat dilewatkan ke media
transmisi secara serentak.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">TDM (Time-division multiplexing)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">biasa digunakan pada media transmisi yang memiliki
sifat baseband (jalur-sempit), yaitu media transmisi yang hanya memiliki satu
jalur. Pada transmisi seperti ini, setiap peranti yang berkomunikasi mendapat
‘slot waktu yang digunakan untuk mengirimkan data</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Media Transmis</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Media bberkabel</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Media berkabel menyatakan media transmisi yang
menghubungkan pengirim dan penerima yang secara fisik berupa kabel. Yang
termasuk media kategori ini:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">kabel pasangan terpilin (twistedpair),</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">kabel koaksial (coaxial cable atau coax), dan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">kabel serat optik.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Kabel Pasangan Terpilin (UTP)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Kabel pasangan terpilin (twisted-pair cable) biasa
disebut kabel telepon, karena kabel ini biasa dipakai sebagai penghubung
pesawat telepon dengan jalur telpon. Setiap dua kabel (disebut sepasang) saling
dipilin dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi interferensi elektromagnetik terhadap
kabel lain atau terhadap sumber eksternal. Kabel ini umumnya terdiri atas 2
atau 4 pasang kabel yang diselubungi dengan penyekat (insulator).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Kabel Coaxial</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Coaxial kabel merupakan kabel yang dibungkus
dengan metal yang lembek. Coaxial kabel mempunyai tingkat transmisi data yang
lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kabel biasa, tetapi lebih mahal</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Kabel Serat Optik</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Kabel serat optik dibuat dari serabut-serabut kaca
(optical fibers) yang tipis dengan diameter sebesar diameter rambut manusia.
Kabel serat optik mempunyai pengiriman data sampai 10 kali lebih besar dari
coaxial cable</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Media Tak Berkabel</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Media tak berkabel adalah media transmisi yang
tidak menggunakan kabel. Termasuk dalam media ini yaitu:</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">• mikrogelombang (microwave),</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">• satelit,</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">• gelombang radio, dan</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">• inframerah.</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">• Mikrogelomband.</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">adalah bentuk gelombang radio yang menggunakan
frekuensi tinggi (dalam satuan gigahertz), meliputi kawasan UHF, SHF, dan EHF.
Mikrogelombang biasa disebut transmisi garis-pandang disebabkan antara pengirim
dan penerima harus dalam garis-pandang. Sifat ini didasarkan karakteritik
frekuensi yang digunakan. Perlu diketahui, gelombang dengan frekuensi di atas
100 MHz akan menjalar dengan arah lurus. Jarak transmisi biasanya terbatas pada
20-30 kilometer karena faktor kelengkungan bumi. Jika lebih dari jarak
tersebut, perlu penambahan repeater. Transmisi mikrogelombang dapat menyediakan
transmisi berganda dengan kecepatan hingga 50 Mbps.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Satelit</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Satelit sebenarnya juga menggunakan
mikrogelombang. Dalam hal ini satelit bertindak sebagai stasiun relai yang
berada di angkasa, dengan ketinggian kira-kira 480 – 22.000 mil di atas
permukaan bumi. Satelit ini mengitari bumi per 24 jam. Sebagai akibatnya,
seolah-olah satelit sebagai objek yang menetap di atas bumi. Tabel 10.6
memperlihatkan tiga jenis satelit berdasarkan orbitnya. Satelit (melalui
peranti yang disebut transponder, yang bertindak sebagai penerima, penguat, dan
sekaligus pengirim) menangkap isyarat yang berasal dari stasiun bumi pengirim
dan kemudian memancarkan kembali ke stasiun bumi penerima. Umumnya, satelit
memiliki sejumlah kanal, dengan masing-masing kanal memiliki kapasitas untuk
menangani lebih dari 1,544 Mbps (Gelber, 1997). Yang menarik, hanya dengan tiga
buah satelit dengan posisi 120° terhadap yang lain, komunikasi di seluruh
penjuru bumi bisa dijangkau. Hal ini berlaku untuk jenis GEO.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang Radio</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Transmisi dengan gelombang radio dapat digunakan
untuk mengirimkan suara ataupun data melalui udara. Kelebihan transmisi dengan
gelombang radio adalah pengiriman isyarat dapat dilakukan dengan sembarang
posisi (tidak harus lurus seperti pada mikro-gelombang) dan dimungkinkan dengan
posisi yang bergerak. Frekuensi yang digunakan berkisar antara 3 KHz sampai
dengan 300 GHz. Dalam hal ini, mikrogelombangjuga tercakup.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inframerah</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Inframerah biasa digunakan untuk komunikasi jarak
dekat, dengan kecepatan dapat mencapai 4 Mbps. Penggunaan yang umum yaitu untuk
pengendalian jarak jauh (remote control) terhadap televisi dan peralatan
audio-video. Kini inframerah juga diterapkan sebagai media transmisi pada
jaringan lokal (LAN). Aplikasi inframerah yang paling umum yaitu untuk
menghubungkan mouse tanpa kabe! ke komputer.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"> </span></span>J.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">. Jaringan computer</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Local Area Network (LAN)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Local area network adalah hubungan satu komputer
dengan komputer lain dalam suatu ruang atau gedung tertentu. Dengan Local area
network maka kita dapat berbagipakai sumber daya komputer antara seorang user
dengan user lain. Selain itu dapat juga untuk sharing (berbagi pakai) dokumen
pekerjaan dengan user lain. Kita dapat membuka file atau dokumen tanpa harus
duduk didepan komputer dimana dokumen tersebut disimpan. Pendek kata dengan
adanya local area network maka akan mempercepat proses pertukaran dokumen dan
menaikkan kinerja suatu perusahaan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Sebuah MAN, biasanya meliputi area yang lebih
besar dari LAN, misalnya antar wilayah dalam satu propinsi. Dalam hal ini
jaringan menghubungkan beberapa buah jaringan-jaringan kecil ke dalam
lingkungan area yang lebih besar, sebagai contoh yaitu : jaringan Bank dimana
beberapa kantor cabang sebuah Bank di dalam sebuah kota besar dihubungkan
antara satu dengan lainnya. Misalnya Bank BNI yang ada di seluruh wilayah Ujung
Pandang atau Surabaya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Wide Area Network</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Wide Area Networks (WAN) adalah jaringan yang
lingkupnya biasanya sudah menggunakan sarana Satelit ataupun kabel bawah laut
sebagai contoh keseluruhan jaringan BANK BNI yang ada di Indonesia ataupun yang
ada di Negara-negara lain. Menggunakan sarana WAN, Sebuah Bank yang ada di
Bandung bisa menghubungi kantor cabangnya yang ada di Hongkong, hanya dalam
beberapa menit. Biasanya WAN agak rumit dan sangat kompleks, menggunakan banyak
sarana untuk menghubungkan antara LAN dan WAN ke dalam Komunikasi Global
seperti Internet. Tapi bagaimanapun juga antara LAN, MAN dan WAN tidak banyak
berbeda dalam beberapa hal, hanya lingkup areanya saja yang berbeda satu
diantara yang lainnya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"> </span></span>K.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">. Topologi Jaringan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span class="apple-style-span">Adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menguraikan
cara dimana komputer terhubungdalam suatu jaringan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">STAR</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Dalam topologi jaringan bintang, salah satu
sentral dibuat sebagai sentral pusat. Bila dibandingkan dengan sistem mesh,
sistem ini mempunyai tingkat kerumitan jaringan yang lebih sederhana sehingga
sistem menjadi lebih ekonomis, tetapi beban yang dipikul sentral pusat cukup
berat. Dengan demikian kemungkinan tingkat kerusakan atau gangguan dari sentral
ini lebih besar.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">RING</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Untuk membentuk jaringan cincin, setiap sentral
harus dihubungkan seri satu dengan yang lain dan hubungan ini akan membentuk
loop tertutup. Keuntungan dari topologi jaringan ini antara lain : tingkat
kerumitan jaringan rendah (sederhana), juga bila ada gangguan atau kerusakan
pada suatu sentral maka aliran trafik dapat dilewatkan pada arah lain dalam
sistem.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Topologi Bus</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Pada topologi ini semua simpul (umumnya komputer)
dihubungkan melalui kabel yang disebut bus. Kabel yang digunakan adalah kabel
koaksial. Jika seorang pemakai mengirimkan pesan ke seorang pemakai lain maka
pesan tersebut akan melalui bus. Setiap komputer perlu membaca alamat dalam
pesan. Sekiranya alamat pada pesan cocok dengan alamat komputer pembaca,
komputer tersebut akan segera mengambil pesan tersebut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="apple-style-span"></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> L.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Protokol Komunikasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -279.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span class="apple-style-span">Protokol komunikasi atau biasa disebut protokol
saja adalah suatu tatacara yang digunakan untuk melaksanakan pertukaran data
(pesan) antara dua buah sistem dalam jaringan. Dalam hal ini kedua sistem bisa
saja berbeda sama sekali. Protokol ini mengurusi perbedaan format data pada
kedua sistem hingga pada masalah koneksi listrik. Standar protokol yang
terkenal yaitu OSI (Open System Interconnecting) yang ditentukan oleh ISO
(International Standard Organization).</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">13. Interkoneksi Antarjaringan</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Interkoneksi antarjaringan menyatakan hubungan
antara dua buah jaringan atau lebih. Untuk melakukan interkoneksi antarjaringan
diperlu-kan peranti-peranti khusus.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: -279.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Repeater</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Repeater adalah peranti yang berfungsi untuk
memulihkan isyarat yang agak cacat. Biasa digunakan pada jaringan bertopologi
bus atau cincin untuk memperpanjang jangkauan jaringan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: -279.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bridge</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Bridge diperlukan untuk menghubungkan dua buah LAN
yang bertopologi berbeda (misalnya bus dan cincin). Kelebihan peranti ini
adalah menjadikan lalu lintas lokal masing-masing jaringan tidak saling
terpengaruh. Berbeda dengan repeater, bridge dapat memisahkan antarjaringan
sekiranya memang tidak ada permintaan hubungan dari satu jaringan ke jaringan
yang lain.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: -279.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Router</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Sebuah Router mengartikan informasi dari satu
jaringan ke jaringan yang lain, dia hampir sama dengan Bridge namun agak pintar
sedikit, router akan mencari 13 jalur yang terbaik untuk mengirimkan sebuah
pesan yang berdasakan atas alamat tujuan dan alamat asal. Sementara Bridges
dapat mengetahui alamat masing-masing komputer di masing-masing sisi jaringan,
router mengetahui alamat komputerr, bridges dan router lainnya. router dapat
mengetahui keseluruhan jaringan melihat sisi mana yang paling sibuk dan dia
bisa menarik data dari sisi yang sibuk tersebut sampai sisi tersebut bersih.
Jika sebuah perusahaan mempunyai LAN dan menginginkan terkoneksi ke Internet,
mereka harus membeli router. Ini berarti sebuah router dapat menterjemahkan
informasi diantara LAN anda dan Internet. ini juga berarti mencarikan
alternatif jalur yang terbaik untuk mengirimkan data melewati internet.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: -279.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Gateway</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Peranti ini berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dua buah
jaringan yang memiliki protokol yang sama sekali berbeda. Contoh penggunaan
gateway adalah untuk menghubungkan jaringan SNA (IBM) dan jaringan yang
menggunakan sistem operasi jaringan NetWare (Novell).</span></span></div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-83418091486486200372012-12-19T22:08:00.001-08:002012-12-19T22:08:05.122-08:00Kecerdasan Buatan<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Dasar Artificial Intelligence (AI)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Adalah sebuah pengetahuan yang membuat
computer dapat meniru kecerdasan manusia sehingga diharapkan computer dapat
melakukan hal-hal apabila dikerjakan manusia memerlukan kecerdasan. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Perbandingan Kecerdasan Buatan dan Kecerdasan
Manusia</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lebih bersifat permanen</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Menawarkan kemudahan untuk diandakan dan
disebarkan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Dapat lebih murah dibandingkan kecerdasan alami.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Bersifat konsisten dan lebih teliti.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Dapat didokumentasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Bidang-bidang Aplikasi AI</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengolahan Bahasa Alami</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Bidang AI yang berurusan dengan dengan pemahaman bahasa manusia.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Visi Komputer</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Suatu bidang AI yang berurusan dengan pengenalan terhadap suatu objek dan
kemudian digunakan untuk pengambilan keputusan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pengenalan Percakapan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Suatu proses yang memungkinkan computer dapatmengenali suara </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Robotika</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Peranti elektomekanik yang dapat diprogram untuk melakukan otomasi
terhadap suatu tugas yang biasanya dilakukan manusia.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Beberapa contoh Robot:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Scrubtame: robot yang dapat membersihkan kamar
mandi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sojurner: kendaraan robot beroda enam yang
digunakan NASA pada tahun 1997 dalam eksplorasi diplanet mars.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->SICO: digunakan pada sebuah rumah sakit di New
York.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sistem Pakar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
System yang meniru kepakaran dalm bidang tertentu dalam meyelesaikan
suatu permasalahan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Logika Kabur</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Suatu teknik yang digunakan untuk menangani ketidak pastian pada
masalah-masalah yang memiliki banyak jawaban.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Jaringan Syaraf</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Suatu bidang AI yang meniru pola pemprosesan dalam otak manusia yang
berbasis pada pengenalan pola.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Algoritma Genetika</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Suatu pendekata yang meniru kemampuan makhluk hidup dalam beradaptasi
dengan lingkungan sehinggan terbentuk proses evolusi untuk menangani masalah
dengan baik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sistem Al Hibrida</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
System yang menggabungkan beberapa teknologi AI untuk memeanfaatkan atau
memadukan keunggulan masing-masing teknologi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Agen Cerdas</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Perangkat lunak yang dapat bertindak seperti orang dapat berinteraksi
dengan lingkungan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Contoh: </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Agen Sistem Operasi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Digunakan untuk membantu penggunaan system operasi. Contoh Microsoft.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Agen Spreadsheet</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Membuat program untuk mempermudah pemakai. Contoh Office Assistant pada
excel.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Topik-topik lain</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cyborg</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Adalah campuran antara mesin dan makhluk hidup.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Artificial Life</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Bidang studi yang mempelajari dan memahami kehidupan biologis dengan cara
melakukan perpaduan dengan bentuk kehidupan buatan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembelajara Mesin</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
System yang secara otomatis dapat meningkatkan kinerjanya melalui
pengalaman. Seperti halnya manusia computer diharapkan dapat belajar dari waktu
kewaktu.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-58814016021349113982012-12-19T22:05:00.006-08:002012-12-19T22:05:55.413-08:00Multimedia dan Virtual Reality<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yaitu interaksi antara teks, suara, gambar statis, animasi dan
video (perry, 1994)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span class="apple-style-span">Ditinjau dari kata pembentukannya, multimedia berarti
melibatkan berbagai media.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aplikasi Multimedia</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Presentasi bisnis</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Pelatihan berbasis komputer</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Hiburan</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Pendidikan</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Penyajian informasi</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Kios interaktif ( toko online )</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Telekonferensi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa komponen multimedia yang digunakan :</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Kartu Suara</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Speaker</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">- Mikropon<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peralatan yang digunakan
untuk membangaun suatu aplikasi multimedia <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teks</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Merupakan bentuka media yang paling umum digunakan
dalam neyajikan informasi, baik model baris perintah ataupun GUI.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suara</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suara merupakan media ampuh untuk menyajikan informasi tertentu<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suara pada komputer
disimpan dengan berbagai format</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar Statis</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbagai format gambar yang telah diimplementasi dalam sistem
komputer:</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">BMP</span>, <span class="apple-style-span">CDR, GIF</span>,
<span class="apple-style-span">JPG, PNG</span>, <span class="apple-style-span">TIFF,
PCX</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbagai perangkat lunak untuk membuat gambar statis</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Adobe Photoshop</span>, <span class="apple-style-span">Coreldraw</span>, <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paint,dll<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Animasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan teknik untukm membuat gambar yang bergerak.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contoh aplikasi sederhana
untuk membuat animasi Ulead GIF Animator.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Film-film di layar televeisi pada saat ini banyak yang
menggunakan teknik animasi</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Video</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aplikasi sederhana untuk membuat film dengan format AVI yaitu
Adobe Premiere, Windows Movie Maker</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Format berbagai video:</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">AVI</span>, <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MOV</span>, <span class="apple-style-span">MPEG,
dll</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Virtual reality (VR) atau
realitas maya adalah teknologi yang membuat pengguna dapat berinteraksi dengan
suatu lingkungan yang disimulasikan oleh komputer (computer-simulated
environment), suatu lingkungan sebenarnya yang ditiru atau benar-benar suatu
lingkungan yang hanya ada dalam imaginasi. Lingkungan Virtual reality terkini
umumnya menyajikan pengalaman visual, yang ditampilkan pada sebuah layar
komputer atau melalui sebuah penampil stereokopik, tapi beberapa simulasi
mengikutsertakan tambahan informasi hasil pengindraan, seperti suara melalui
speaker atau headphone.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Aplikasi Virtual Reality:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Manufaktur</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Pengujian rancangan, prototiipe semu, analisis
ergonomik, simulasi semu dalam perakitan, prosuksi dan pemeliharaan</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arsitektur</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Perancangan gedung</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Militer</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Pelatih (pilot,astronot,pengemudi) simulasi
peperangan</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kedokteran</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Pelatihan pembedahan, terapi fisik</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penelitian / Pendidikan</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Studi tentang topan, konfigurasi galaksi, pengujian
matematika kompleks</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hiburan</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Museum virtual, permainan balap, simulasi
pertempuran udara, taman virtual, simulasi ski,dll</span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Efek Negaif Virtual Reality</span><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-74704730143584428152012-12-19T18:38:00.000-08:002012-12-19T18:38:23.082-08:00Perangkat Lunak Sistem<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur Komputer</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur sebuah sistem komputer dapat dibagi
menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Sistem Operasi
Komputer.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Struktur I/O.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Struktur
Penyimpanan.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <i>Storage
Hierarchy</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Proteksi Perangkat
Keras.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem Operasi Komputer</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dewasa ini sistem
komputer multiguna terdiri dari CPU (<i>Central Processing Unit</i>); serta
sejumlah<i>device controller </i>yang dihubungkan melalui <i>bus </i>yang
menyediakan akses ke memori. Setiap <i>device controller </i>bertugas
mengatur perangkat yang tertentu (contohnya <i>disk drive</i>, <i>audio
device</i>, dan <i>video display</i>). CPU dan <i>device controller </i>dapat
dijalankan secara bersamaan, namun demikian diperlukan mekanisme sinkronisasi
untuk mengatur akses ke memori. Pada saat pertama kali dijalankan atau pada
saat <i>boot</i>, terdapat sebuah program awal yang mesti dijalankan.
Program awal ini disebut program<i>bootstrap</i>. Program ini berisi semua
aspek dari sistem komputer, mulai dari register CPU, <i>device controller</i>,
sampai isi memori.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interupsi merupakan
bagian penting dari sistem arsitektur komputer. Setiap sistem komputer memiliki
mekanisme yang berbeda. Interupsi bisa terjadi apabila perangkat keras (<i>hardware</i>)
atau perangkat lunak (<i>software</i>) minta "dilayani" oleh
prosesor. Apabila terjadi interupsi maka prosesor menghentikan proses yang
sedang dikerjakannya, kemudian beralih mengerjakan <i>service routine </i>untuk
melayani interupsi tersebut. Setelah selesai mengerjakan <i>service
routine </i>maka prosesor kembali melanjutkan proses yang tertunda.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Struktur I/O</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini akan
membahas struktur I/O, interupsi I/O, dan DMA, serta perbedaan dalam penanganan
interupsi.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Interupsi
I/O</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memulai operasi I/O, CPU me-<i>load </i>register yang
bersesuaian ke <i>device controller</i>. Sebaliknya <i>device
controller </i>memeriksa isi register untuk kemudian menentukan operasi
apa yang harus dilakukan. Pada saat operasi I/O dijalankan ada dua kemungkinan,
yaitu <i>synchronous I/O </i>dan <i>asynchronous I/O</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada <i>synchronous I/O</i>, kendali dikembalikan ke proses
pengguna setelah proses I/O selesai dikerjakan. Sedangkan pada <i>asynchronous
I/O</i>, kendali dikembalikan ke proses pengguna tanpa menunggu proses I/O
selesai. Sehingga proses I/O dan proses pengguna dapat dijalankan secara
bersamaan.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Struktur DMA</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Direct Memory Access </span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(DMA)
suatu metoda penanganan I/O dimana <i>device controller </i>langsung
berhubungan dengan memori tanpa campur tangan CPU. Setelah men-set <i>buffers</i>, <i>pointers</i>,
dan <i>counters</i>untuk perangkat I/O, <i>device controller </i>mentransfer
blok data langsung ke penyimpanan tanpa campur tangan CPU. DMA digunakan untuk
perangkat I/O dengan kecepatan tinggi. Hanya terdapat satu interupsi setiap
blok, berbeda dengan perangkat yang mempunyai kecepatan rendah dimana interupsi
terjadi untuk setiap <i>byte </i>(<i>word</i>).</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Struktur Penyimpanan</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program komputer harus
berada di memori utama (biasanya RAM) untuk dapat dijalankan. Memori utama
adalah satu-satunya tempat penyimpanan yang dapat diakses secara langsung oleh
prosesor. Idealnya program dan data secara keseluruhan dapat disimpan dalam
memori utama secara permanen.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namun demikian hal ini
tidak mungkin karena :</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran memori utama relatif kecil untuk dapat menyimpan data dan
program secara keseluruhan.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memori utama bersifat <i>volatile</i>, tidak bisa menyimpan
secara permanen, apabila komputer dimatikan maka data yang tersimpan di memori
utama akan hilang.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memori Utama</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanya memori utama dan register merupakan tempat penyimpanan
yang dapat diakses secara langsung oleh prosesor. Oleh karena itu instruksi dan
data yang akan dieksekusi harus disimpan di memori utama atau register.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mempermudah akses perangkat I/O ke memori, pada arsitektur
komputer menyediakan fasilitas pemetaan memori ke I/O. Dalam hal ini sejumlah
alamat di memori dipetakan dengan <i>device register</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membaca dan menulis pada alamat memori ini menyebabkan data
ditransfer dari dan ke <i>device register</i>. Metode ini cocok untuk
perangkat dengan waktu respon yang cepat seperti <i>video controller</i>.
Register yang terdapat dalam prosesor dapat diakses dalam waktu 1 <i>clock
cycle</i>. Hal ini menyebabkan register merupakan media penyimpanan dengan
akses paling cepat bandingkan dengan memori utama yang membutuhkan waktu
relatif lama. Untuk mengatasi perbedaan kecepatan, dibuatlah suatu penyangga (<i>buffer</i>)
penyimpanan yang disebut <i>cache</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Magnetic Disk</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Magnetic Disk </span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berperan sebagai <i>secondary
storage </i>pada sistem komputer modern. <i>Magnetic Disk </i>disusun
dari piringan-piringan seperti CD. Kedua permukaan piringan diselimuti oleh
bahan-bahan magnetik. Permukaan dari piringan dibagi-bagi menjadi <i>track </i>yang
memutar, yang kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi beberapa sektor.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Storage
Hierarchy</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam <i>storage
hierarchy structure</i>, data yang sama bisa tampil dalam level berbeda dari
sistem penyimpanan. Sebagai contoh integer A berlokasi pada bekas B yang
ditambahkan 1, dengan asumsi bekas B terletak pada <i>magnetic disk</i>.
Operasi penambahan diproses dengan pertama kali mengeluarkan operasi I/O untuk
menduplikat disk block pada A yang terletak pada memori utama Operasi ini
diikuti dengan kemungkinan penduplikatan A ke dalam <i>cache </i>dan
penduplikatan A ke dalam internal register.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sehingga penduplikatan
A terjadi di beberapa tempat. Pertama terjadi di internal register dimana nilai
A berbeda dengan yang di sistem penyimpanan. Dan nilai di A akan kembali sama
ketika nilai baru ditulis ulang ke <i>magnetic disk</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kondisi multi
prosesor, situasi akan menjadi lebih rumit. Hal ini disebabkan masing-masing
prosesor mempunyai <i>local cache</i>. Dalam kondisi seperti ini hasil
duplikat dari A mungkin hanya ada di beberapa <i>cache</i>. Karena CPU
(register-register) dapat dijalankan secara bersamaan maka kita harus
memastikan perubahan nilai A pada satu <i>cache </i>akan mengubah
nilai A pada semua <i>cache </i>yang ada. Hal ini disebut sebagai <i>Cache
Coherency</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proteksi Perangkat Keras</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem komputer
terdahulu berjenis <i>programmer-operated systems</i>. Ketika komputer
dioperasikan dalam konsul mereka (pengguna) harus melengkapi sistem terlebih
dahulu. Akan tetapi setelah sistem operasi lahir maka hal tersebut diambil alih
oleh sistem operasi. Sebagai contoh pada monitor yang proses I/O sudah diambil
alih oleh sistem operasi, padahal dahulu hal ini dilakukan oleh pengguna.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk meningkatkan
utilisasi sistem, sistem operasi akan membagi sistem sumber daya sepanjang
program secara simultan. Pengertian <i>spooling </i>adalah suatu
program dapat dikerjakan walau pun I/O masih mengerjakan proses lainnya dan
disk secara bersamaan menggunakan data untuk banyak proses.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian <i>multi
programming </i>adalah kegiatan menjalankan beberapa program pada memori
pada satu waktu.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembagian ini memang
menguntungkan sebab banyak proses dapat berjalan pada satu waktu akan tetapi
mengakibatkan masalah-masalah baru. Ketika tidak di <i>sharing </i>maka
jika terjadi kesalahan hanyalah akan membuat kesalahan program. Tapi jika di-<i>sharing </i>jika
terjadi kesalahan pada satu proses/ program akan berpengaruh pada proses
lainnya. Sehingga diperlukan pelindung (proteksi). Tanpa proteksi jika terjadi
kesalahan maka hanya satu saja program yang dapat dijalankan atau seluruh
output pasti diragukan. Banyak kesalahan pemprograman dideteksi oleh perangkat
keras. Kesalahan ini biasanya ditangani oleh sistem operasi. Jika terjadi
kesalahan program, perangkat keras akan meneruskan kepada sistem operasi dan
sistem operasi akan menginterupsi dan mengakhirinya. Pesan kesalahan
disampaikan, dan memori dari program akan dibuang. Tapi memori yang terbuang
biasanya tersimpan pada disk agar <i>programmer </i>bisa membetulkan
kesalahan dan menjalankan program ulang.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Struktur Sistem Operasi</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komponen-komponen Sistem</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kenyataannya
tidak semua sistem operasi mempunyai struktur yang sama. Namun menurut Avi
Silberschatz, Peter Galvin, dan Greg Gagne, umumnya sebuah sistem operasi
modern mempunyai komponen sebagai berikut:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Managemen Proses.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Managemen Memori
Utama.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Managemen <i>Secondary-Storage</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Managemen Sistem
I/O.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Managemen Berkas.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Sistem Proteksi.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Jaringan.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <i>Command-Interpreter
system</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Managemen Proses</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses adalah keadaan
ketika sebuah program sedang di eksekusi. Sebuah proses membutuhkan beberapa
sumber daya untuk menyelesaikan tugasnya. sumber daya tersebut dapat berupa <i>CPU
time</i>, memori, berkas-berkas, dan perangkat-perangkat I/O.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem operasi bertanggung
jawab atas aktivitas-aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan managemen proses seperti:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Pembuatan dan
penghapusan proses pengguna dan sistem proses.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Menunda atau
melanjutkan proses.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Menyediakan
mekanisme untuk proses sinkronisasi.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Menyediakan
mekanisme untuk proses komunikasi.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Menyediakan
mekanisme untuk penanganan <i>deadlock</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Managemen Memori Utama</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memori utama atau
lebih dikenal sebagai memori adalah sebuah <i>array </i>yang besar
dari <i>word </i>atau <i>byte</i>, yang ukurannya mencapai ratusan,
ribuan, atau bahkan jutaan. Setiap <i>word </i>atau <i>byte </i>mempunyai
alamat tersendiri. Memori Utama berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan yang akses
datanya digunakan oleh CPU atau perangkat I/O. Memori utama termasuk tempat
penyimpanan data yang sementara (<i>volatile</i>), artinya data dapat hilang
begitu sistem dimatikan. Sistem operasi bertanggung jawab atas
aktivitas-aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan managemen memori seperti :</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Menjaga <i>track </i>dari
memori yang sedang digunakan dan siapa yang menggunakannya.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Memilih program yang
akan di-<i>load </i>ke memori.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Mengalokasikan dan
meng-dealokasikan ruang memori sesuai kebutuhan.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Managemen Secondary-Storage</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data yang disimpan
dalam memori utama bersifat sementara dan jumlahnya sangat kecil. Oleh karena
itu, untuk meyimpan keseluruhan data dan program komputer dibutuhkan <i>secondary-storage </i>yang
bersifat permanen dan mampu menampung banyak data. Contoh dari <i>secondary-storage </i>adalah <i>harddisk</i>,
disket, dll.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem operasi
bertanggung-jawab atas aktivitas-aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan <i>disk-management </i>seperti:<i>free-space
management</i>, alokasi penyimpanan, penjadualan disk.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Managemen Sistem I/O</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sering disebut <i>device
manager</i>. Menyediakan "<i>device driver</i>" yang umum sehingga
operasi I/O dapat seragam (membuka, membaca, menulis, menutup). Contoh:
pengguna menggunakan operasi yang sama untuk membaca berkas pada <i>hard-disk</i>,
CD-ROM dan <i>floppy disk</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komponen Sistem Operasi
untuk sistem I/O :</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buffer</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: menampung sementara
data dari/ ke perangkat I/O.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spooling</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: melakukan
penjadualan pemakaian I/O sistem supaya lebih efisien (antrian dsb.).</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyediakan <i>driver </i>untuk dapat melakukan
operasi "rinci" untuk perangkat keras I/O tertentu.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Managemen Berkas</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkas adalah kumpulan
informasi yang berhubungan sesuai dengan tujuan pembuat berkas tersebut. Berkas
dapat mempunyai struktur yang bersifat hirarkis (direktori, volume, dll.).
Sistem operasi bertanggung-jawab :</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Pembuatan dan
penghapusan berkas.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Pembuatan dan
penghapusan direktori.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Mendukung manipulasi
berkas dan direktori.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Memetakan berkas ke <i>secondary
storage</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Mem-<i>backup </i>berkas
ke media penyimpanan yang permanen (<i>non-volatile</i>).</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem Proteksi</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proteksi mengacu pada
mekanisme untuk mengontrol akses yang dilakukan oleh program, prosesor, atau
pengguna ke sistem sumber daya. Mekanisme proteksi harus :</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• membedakan antara
penggunaan yang sudah diberi izin dan yang belum.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <i>specify the
controls to be imposed</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <i>provide a
means of enforcement</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jaringan</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem terdistribusi
adalah sekumpulan prosesor yang tidak berbagi memori atau <i>clock</i>.
Tiap prosesor mempunyai memori sendiri. Prosesor-prosesor tersebut terhubung
melalui jaringan komunikasi Sistem terdistribusi menyediakan akses pengguna ke
bermacam sumber-daya sistem. Akses tersebut menyebabkan:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <i>Computation
speed-up</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <i>Increased
data availability</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <i>Enhanced
reliability</i>.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Command-Interpreter
System</span></i></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Operasi
menunggu instruksi dari pengguna (<i>command driven</i>). Program yang membaca
instruksi dan mengartikan <i>control statements </i>umumnya disebut: <i>control-card
interpreter</i>, <i>command-line interpreter</i>, dan <i>UNIX shell</i>. <i>Command-Interpreter
System </i>sangat bervariasi dari satu sistem operasi ke sistem operasi
yang lain dan disesuaikan dengan tujuan dan teknologi <i>I/O devices </i>yang
ada. Contohnya :<i>CLI</i>, <i>Windows</i>, <i>Pen-based </i>(<i>touch</i>),
dan lain-lain.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-52023581329596847442012-12-19T16:07:00.002-08:002012-12-19T16:07:21.755-08:00Perangkat Lunak Aplikasi<br />
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc342017482"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peran
Perangkat Lunak</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
lunak sesungguhnya adalah program, program adalah deretan instruksi yang
digunakan untuk mengendalikan komputer sehingga komputer dapat melakukan
tindakan sesuai yang dikehendaki pembuatnya. Program umumnya dibuat oleh vendor
perangkat lunak (misalnya Microsoft) ataupun perseorangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc342017483"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengelompokkan Perangkat Lunak</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan fungsinya
terbagi menjadi dua golongan yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
Lunak Aplikasi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">application software)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adalah
program yang biasa dipakai oleh pemakai untuk melakukan tugas-tugas yang lebih
spesifik misalnya untuk membuat dokumen, memanipulasi foto, atau membuat
laporan keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
Lunak Sistem (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">System Software, </i>kadangkala
disebut perangkat lunak pendukung atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">support
software)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adalah
program yang digunakan untuk mengontrol sumber daya komputer, seperti CPU dan
peranti masukan atau keluaran. Kedudukan program ini adalah sebagai perantara
antara program aplikasi dan perangkat keras komputer, contohnya adalah Windows
dan Linux.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
cara mendapatkan perangkat lunak dan hak pemakaian, perangkat lunak dapat
digolongkan menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
Lunak Komersial (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">commersial software)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 44.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
lunak hak beli, karena mempunyai hak cipta. Setiap orang yang bermaksud
menginstalnya harus membelinya. Jika tidak membayar berarti melakukan
pembajakan. Hak cipta adalah suatu hak yang dilindungi hukum yang melarang
seseorang untuk menyalin hak atas kekayaan intelektual tanpa izin pemegangnya.
Perangkat lunak ini juga disertai lisensi yang melarang pembeli menyalin
perangkat lunak untuk diberikan kepada orang lain ataupun untuk dijual kembali.
Contohnya adalah Microsoft Office dan Adobe Photoshope.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
Lunak Domian-Publik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat lunak yang
mempunyai sifat gratis, karena tidak mempunyai hak cipta. Perangkat lunak
seperti ini biasanya berupa kode dan banyak dijumpai diinternet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sharewer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bebas
digunakan untuk pengujian dan terkadang selamanya. Namun, diharapkan pemakai memberikan
dana kepada pembuatnya jika pemakai bermaksud untuk menggunakannya secara terus
menerus . seringkali ada hak cipta tetapi terkadang bebas untuk diberikan
kepada siapa saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
lunak yang tersedia tanpa kode sumber dan bisa digunakan oleh pemakai dengan
tujuan dievaluasi selama masa tertentu tanpa membayar sama sekali dan jika
sesudah masa tersebut berlalu pemakai bermaksud untuk tetap menggunakannya maka
ia perlu membayar kepembuat perangkat lunak tersebut. Berbeda dengan versi
trial, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shareware </i>tidak memiliki masa
kadarluarsa. Artinya, pemakai tetap dapat menggunakan perangkat lunak tersebut
walaupun batas uji coba tersebut telah berakhir. Umumnya pembuatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shareware </i>menyediakan layanan untuk
konsultasi, manual tercetak, pemutakhiran keversi yang lebih baru secara
gratis, dan terkadang memberikan bonus berupa perangkat lunak yang lain. Tujuan
pembuatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shareware </i>adalah untuk
mendapatkan bantuan dana dari pemakai guna pengembangan lebih lanjut. Situs
yang menyediakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sharware </i>antara lain
adalah http://www.shareware.com/ dan http://www.asp-shareware.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Freeware<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
lunak yang digunakan tanpa perlu membayar sama sekali. Perangkat lunak tanpa
kode sumber dan bebas digunakan oleh siapa saja tanpa perlu membayar.Ada
beberapa alasan dalam pembuatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">frereware
</i>yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
penarik bagi pemakai untuk membeli versi lebih lebih lanjut (dengan fitur yang
lebih lengkap) yang bersifat komersil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembuat
menginginkan tanggapan dari pemakai sehingga dia dapat mengembangkannya ke
versi yang lebihbagus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembuat
ingin menyebar luaskan karyanya supaya ia menjadi terkenal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembuat
ingin benar-benar membantu pemakai dalam melaksanakan tugas tertentu tanpa
perlu membeli perangkat lunak komersil. Contoh situs yang menyediakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">freeware </i>adalah
ttp://www.betsdownload.com/ dan http://www.simtel.net/ merupakan contoh situs
yang menyediakan berbagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">freeware (</i>dan
juga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shareware)</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rental
Ware<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat lunak yang
digunakan dengan cara menyewa, memiliki hak cipta. Sewa biasanya dilakukan per
tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Free software<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
lunak yang dilengkapi dengan kode sumber, dapat digunakan oleh siapa saja dan
bebas untuk dikembangkan sendiri oleh pemakai (sepanjang lisensi
memperkenankannya). Untuk mendapatkannya bisa saja gratis ataupun membayar dengan
harga yang relatif murah. Sebuah program disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free sofware </i>jika: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 69.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemakai
mempunyai kebebasan untuk menjalankan program untuk tujuan apa saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 69.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemakai
mempunyai kebebasan untuk mendistribusikan kembali salinan program, baik secara
gratis ataupun secara bayaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 69.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemakai
memiliki kebebasan untuk memodifikasi program sesuai kebutuhan. Oleh karena itu
kode sumber harus tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 69.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemakai
memiliki kebebasan untuk mendistribusikan versi-versi program yang telah
dimodifikasi sehingga komunitas dapat memperoleh manfaat dari pengembangan
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 48.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Free software </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dirancang
oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richard stallman </i>(pendiri Free
Software Foundation)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>tujuan dari
stallman adalah menciptakan kebebasan kepada pemakai dan menghindarkan
penontrolan prorram oleh suatu pihak. Untuk menunjang kebebasan tersebut, Stallman
menggunakan metode yang disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">copyleft</i>terhadap
perangkat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lunak GNU yang ia kembangkan.
Istilah ini adalah pembalikan dari istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">copyright.
Copyleft </i>juga menggunakan hak cipta yang memberikan hak kepada pemakai
untuk menjalankan program, memodifikasi, hingga mendistribusikan versi
modifikasinya, tetapi melarang menjadikannya sebagai program sebagai program <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proprietary. </i>Informasi lebih lanjut
tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free software </i>dapat dilihat
pada http://www.free-soft,org/.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Open Source<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Serupa
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free software. </i>Hanya berbeda
dalam filosofi. Dikemukakan oleh Eric Raymond pada tahun 1998 dan dimaksudkan
untuk menghilangkan makna ”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free”</i>pada
“free software yang ambigu karena dalam bahasa inggris kata terseut memiliki
arti yang bermacam-macam, yakni “free” dalam arti gratis atau kebebasan. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Open source </i>timbul dari ide bahwa
seandainya setiap orang dapat berpartisipasi dalam mengembangkan suatu
perangkat lunak tentu perangkat lunaktersebut akan segera berevolusi menuju
ketingkat kesempurnaan. Hak-hak yang disediakan para <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">open source:<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hak
untuk membuat salinan program dan mendistribusikan salinan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hak
untuk mengakses kode sumber sebagai syarat untuk bisa melakukan pemodifikasian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hak
untuk melakukan pengembangan terhadap program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara prinsip, program yang tergolong
sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free software </i>juga memenuhi
kriteri <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">open source. </i>Untuk memperoleh
informasi lebih lanjut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Open Source </i>,
dapat mengakses situs http://www.opensource.org<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc342017484"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Istilah Versi dan Rilis</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
perangkat lunak dikenal istila<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>versi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vesion)</i>dan rilis (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">release)</i>. Versi menyatakan sebuah perubahan besar pada perangkat
lunak. Umumnya versi dinyatakan dengan bilangan semacam berikut: 2.0, 3.0, 4.0,
5.0, 6.0 dan sebagainya. Terkadang notasi lain digunakan sebagai contoh
Microsoft Office 97 dan Ofice 2000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rilis
menyatakan perunbahankecil terhadap sebuah versi yang sama. Rilis biasanya
dinyatakan dengan angka dibelakang tanda titik. Contoh versi 4.0 bisa menjadi
4.1, 4.11, dan 4.12.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc342017485"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Antarmuka Pemakai</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bentuk
interaksi antara pemakai dan komputer ataudisebut antarmuka pemakai pada
komputer dimasa lalu dan pada masa sekarang telah mengalami perubahan secara
total. Pada masa generasi awal, PC menggunakan antarmuka yang dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">command-driven. </i>Pada antarmuka ini,
pemakai disuguhi dengan prompt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shell</i>
dan pemakai perlu mengetikan sendiri perintah yang dikehendakinya agar komputer
melaksanakan tugasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk
memudahkan pemakai, dibuatlah antar jenis muka lainyang dikenal dengan sebeutan
GUI (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Graphical User Interface). </i>GUI
mengandalkan peranti yang disebut mouse untu melaksanakan pemilihan perintah
yang dikemas dalam bentuk mene dan ikon. Klik, klik ganda (double-click), tarik
dan lepas (drag ang drop), klik kanan merupakan istilah-istilah yang diakrabi
oleh pada pemakai GUI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Antar
muka dalam bentuk lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga mulai
diterapkan. Sebagai contoh, dumungkinkan untuk memerintahkan komputer dengan
menggunakan suara atau dengan kedipan mata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc342017486"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat Lunak Aplikasi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
lunak biasanya digunakan oleh pemakai untuk melakukan tugas-tugas yang spesifik
seperti mengetik dokumen, memanipulasi foto, dan merancang rumah. Perangkat
lunak aplikasi dapat digolongkan menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
Lunak Hiburan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mencakup
program-program permainan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">game</i>),
program memainkan musik (misalnya WinAmp), dan program untuk memainkan film
(misalnya Xing).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
Lunak Pendidikan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berguna untuk
mempelajari atau mereferensi sesuatu pengetahuan. termasuk dalam kategori itu
adalah program kamus, ensikjopedi, pelajaran ilmu pengetahuan, pelajaran bahasa
asing dan simulasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adakalnya sebuah
program menggabungkan kemampuan pendidikan dan hiburan sekaligus. Perangkat
lunak seperti ini biasa disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">edutainment.
</i>Banyak program untuk anak-anak yang mendukung unsur hiburan dan pendidikan.
Mereka dapat bermain-main dengan komputer tetapi sekaligus belajar kata-kata
atau mengenali benda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
Lunak Bisnis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Biasanya digunakan
untuk menangani aplikasi bisnis. Misalnya berupa program untuk menangani
persediaan barang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inventory control), </i>pencatatan
dan pembayaran piutang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accounts
receivable), </i>dan registrasi mahasiswa (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sistem
akademis).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
Lunak Produktivitas Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berguna untuk
meningkatkan produktivitas pemakai. Beberapa golongan pernagkat lunak untuk
meningkatkan produktifitas kerja yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Word
Processing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk
menciptakan dokumen ataupun untuk membuat surat. Misalnya: Word dan Abi Word.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
lunak ini memberikan kemudahan dalam menformat teks (Misalnya agar teks tertata
rapih dengan rata dibagian kanan ataupun kiri), membuat teks tertentu
ditebalkan atau dimiringkan, mengatur font (jenis tulisan, misalnya Times
Roman, Arial, Courier, termasuk ukurannya), bahkan memungkinkan untuk
menambahkan gambar atau foto kedalam dokumen. Dalam prakteknya, kemampuan untuk
melakukan pengolahan kata sangat bervariasi. Sebagai contoh, ada yang
memberikan fasilitas untuk membuat tabel, mengatur teks agar ditampilkan dalam
beberapa kolom, ataupun menyimpan file kedalam format HTML. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan
kata seperti Word mendukung fitur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">spelling
checker </i>yang berfungsi untuk mengidentifikasi masalah ejaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, grammar </i>checker yang berfungsi untuk
mengidentifikasi kesalahan tatabahasa<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i>dan
thesaurus yang berfungsi untuk mencarikan padanan kata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .05pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar
Pengolahan Kata<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 106.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vendor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ami Pro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lotus Development
Corp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">StarOfficer Writer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sun Microsystems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Word<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Microsoft Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">WordPerfect<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Novel Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">WordStar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">WordStar
International Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Spreadsheet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengolahan data dalam bentuk kumpulan sel,
yang memungkinkan perhitungan secara dinamis. Contoh: Microsoft Excel dan
StarOffice, Calc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempunyai tampilan yang
khas, berapa sekumpulan sel, setiap sel memiliki alamat yang dinyatakan dengan
nama baris dan kolom. Pada gambar diatas terlihat bahwa nama baris berupa angka
dan nama kolom dinyatakan dengan huruf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sel inilah pemakai
dapat menuliskan teks, angka, dan bahkan rumus. Rumus yanr disediakan berbagai
ragam, dari sekedar menghitung jumlah nilai dari beberapa kolom sampai
keperhitungan IRR (Internal Rate of Return: suatu metode yang biasa digunakan
untuk menghitung investasi). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Spreadsheet
</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dilengkapi dengan fasilitas untuk menyajikan data
dalam bentuk grafik seperti diagram batang, diagram lingkaran, atau diagram
garis dapat dipilih oleh pemakai dengan mudah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar
spreadsheet<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vendor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Claris Resolve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Claris Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Excel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Miscrosoft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lotus 1-2-3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lotus Development
Corporration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">QuatroPro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Novel Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">StarOffice Calc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sun Microsystem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Desktop
Publishing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">menangani pembuatan
buku, surat kabar, dan iklan, contoh: CorelDraw. Umumnya perangkat lunak ini
mempunyai kemampuan untuk menggabungkan berbagai berkas yang dihasilkan oleh
perangkat lunak lain, misalnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 140.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dokumen dari pengolahan
kata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 140.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar buatan yang
dilakukan melalui perangkat penggambar seperti paint.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 140.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar hasil <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">scanner.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 83.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar Dekstop
Publishing.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 83.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vendor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Corel Draw<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Corel Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">FrameMaker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Frame Technology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">InDesign<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adobe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Publish It!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Timeworks International<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Publisher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Microsoft Corrporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">QuackXPress<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Quark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ventura<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Corel Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Presentasi Grafik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk membuat bahan-bahan presentasi dalam
bentuk transparan atau untuk membuat diktat, dan sekaligus dapat dipakai
sebagai alat untuk presentasi. Contoh: PowerPoint dan StarOffice Impress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berguna untuk membuat
bahan presentasi dan juga sekaligus untuk melaksanakan presentasi. Dengan
menggunakan perangkat lunak ini, pembuatan bahan presentasi dapat dilakukan
dengan mudah dan cepat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anda biasa
menyajikan teks, grafik, gambar, dan grafik dan kemudian mencetaknya kedalam
bentuk kertas ataupun plastik transparan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jika anda menggunakan
perangkat lunak ini untuk melakukan presentasi-dengan menghubungkan komputer ke
proyektor LCD dan menayangkan keluaran proyektor LCD kelayar presentasi –banyak
fitur lain yang dapat anda libatkan, seperti menambahkan animasi saat terjadi
penggantian slide dan bahkan anda bis amenyajikan film yang direkam dengan
kamera video.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar
Perangkat Lunak Presentasi Grafik</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 106.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vendor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Action!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Macromedia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">StarOfficer Impress<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sun Microsystem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">FreeLance Graphics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lotus Development
Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Power Point<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Microsoft Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">WordPerfect
Presentation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Novel Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komunikasi berfungsi untuk melakukan
komunikasi antar pemakai secara elektronis. Contoh Microsoft Outlook dan Opera
dapat digunakan untuk mengirim dan menerima surat elektronis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar
Perangkat Lunak e-mail<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vendor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PerfectOffice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Novel Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Netscape Messenger<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Netscape
Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Outlook Express<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Microsoft Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kmail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Koffice Team<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Personal
Information Manager<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengelola informasi yang berhubungan dengan
jadwal, tugas, data rekanan atau klien, dan keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Merupakan program yang sangat
bermanfaat bagi individu yang ingin mengelola informasi pribadi. Perangkat
lunak ini bermanfaat untuk mengelola ibformasi yang berhubungan dengan jadwal,
tugas, data rekanan atau klien, dan keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 85.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Daftar Perangkat Lunak PIM<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Commence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jensen-Kones, Inc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Computer Organizer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Impulse Software<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lotus Organizer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lotus Development
Corporation (Sekarang IBM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Microsoft Outlook<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Microsoft Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Management
Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mencatat,
memanipulasi, dan mengambil data atau informasi. Program yang berguna untuk
mencatat, memanipulasi, dan mengambil data dengan cara yang mudah dan cepat.
Beberapa contoh DBMS yang biasa dipakai oleh perseorangan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar
DBMS<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vendor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Acces<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Microsoft Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Paradox<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Novell Corporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Visual Dbase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Borland International<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Visual Ekspress<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Computer Association<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Visual FoxPro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Microsoft
Corrporation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diluar
pengolahan data diatas terdapat kelompok perangkat lunak produktifitas yang
lain, misalnya yang tergolong sebagai pengolah statistika (Contoh SPPS dan
MicroStat).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perangkat
lunak produktivitas kerja merupakan perangkat lunak aplikasi yang umum dipakai
orang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="" name="_Toc342017487"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Software Suite</span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adalah
kumpulan beberapa program yang dikemas menjadi satu. Beberapa contoh yang
terkenal adalah Microsoft Officer, Lotus SmartSuite, serta StarOffice. Sebagai
contoh, Microsoft Office merupakan produk yang terdiri atas sejumlah program
seperti Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Acces, dan beberapa program
lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Contoh
beberapa Software suite<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" width="154">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" width="154">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Microsoft Office<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" width="154">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corel WordPerfect
Ofice<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" width="154">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sun StarOffice<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengolahan Kata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Word<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">WordPro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">StarWriter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembar Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Excel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">QuartroPro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">StarCale<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Presentasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Power Point<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Presentations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">StarImpress<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Personal Information
Manager<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Outlook<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corel Cental<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">StarSchedule<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Management Basis Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Acces<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paradox<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">StarBase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-33968472266041904402012-12-19T15:36:00.000-08:002012-12-19T15:53:38.874-08:00Penyimpanan Eksternal<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -3.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Pengertian
Penyimpanan Eksternal</b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memori eksternal adalah perangkat keras
untuk melakukan operasi penulisan, pembacaan dan penyimpanan data, di luar
komponen utama yang telah disebutkan di atas. Contoh dari memori eksternal
adalah floppy disk, harddisk, CD-ROM, DVD. Hampir semua memori eksternal
yang banyak dipakai belakangan ini berbentuk disk/piringan sehingga operasi
data dilakukan dengan perputaran piringan tersebut. Dari perputaran ini,
dikenal satuan rotasi piringan yang disebut RPM (Rotation Per Minute). Makin
cepat perputaran, waktu akses pun semakin cepat,namu makin besar juga tekanan
terhadap piringan sehingga makin besar panas yang dihasilkan. Untuk media
berkapasitas besar dikenal beberapa sitem yang ukuran RPM nya sebagai berikut</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· 3600
RPM Pre-IDE</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· 5200
RPM IDE</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· 5400
RPM IDE/SCSI</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· 7200
RPM IDE/SCSI</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· 10000
RPM SCSI</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap memori eksternal memiliki alat baca
dan tulis yang disebut head (pada harddisk) dan side (pada floppy). Tiap
piringan memiliki dua sisi head/side, yaitu sisi 0 dan sisi 1. Setiap head/side
dibagi menjadi lingkaran lingkaran konsentris yang disebut track. Kumpulan
track yang sama dari seluruh head yang ada disebut cylinder. Suatu track dibagi
lagi menjadi daerah-daerah lebih kecil yang disebut sector. Beberapa jenis
penyimpan eksternal mendukung operasi baca dan tulis. Hard disk dan disket
merupakan contoh penyimpan eksternal seperti itu. Namun ada juga penyimpan
eksternal yang hanya bisa ditulis sekali misalnya </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD-WORM.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peranti penyimpanan eksternal sebenarnya
mencakup dua bagian, yaitu media tempat penyimpanan itu sendiri dan peranti
untuk membaca atau menulis ke media tersebut. Peranti untuk membaca atau
menulis ini disebut drive. sebagai contoh, media floppy disk memerlukan peranti
floppy disk drive.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -3.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis-Jenis Penyimpanan Eksternal</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pita Magenetik</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Media penyimpanan pita magnetik (<i>magnetik tape)</i> terbuat dari
bahan magnetik yang dilapiskan pada plasik, seperti pada pita kaset. Data
pada pita megnetik direkam secara berurutan dengan menggunakan drive yang
khusus untuk masing-masing jenis. Karena perekaman dilakukan secara sekuensil,
maka untuk mengakses data yang kebetulan terletak di tengah, drive terpaksa
harus memutar gulungan pita, hingga head mencapai tempat data tersebut. Hal ini
membutuhkan waktu yang relatif lama.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walaupun begitu, teknologi pita megnetik
masih banyak digunakan sebagai sarana backup data atau pengarsipan. Pertama,
karena pita magnetik merupakan peranti yang pertama kali muncul untuk
mem-backup data sehingga orang terbiasa menggunakannya. Kedua, pita magnetik
masih banyak digunakan mengingat kepasitasnya yang sangat besar dibanding
dengan peranti penyimpan yang lain. Kapasitas penyimpanan pita magnetik saat ini
mencapai 66 gigabyte dan dapat dikompresi sehingga menjadi ratusan gigabyte.
Kecepatan putarnya pun bertambah tinggi dibanding masa lalu sehingga
pengaksesan data dapat dilakukan lebih cepat. Pita magnetik dibedakan
menjadi 2 yaitu <i>reel tape </i>dan <i>tape cartridge.</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reel tape </span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merupakan pita magnetik
yang digulung dalam wadah berbentuk lingkaran. Contoh<i>reel tape :</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tape cartridge </span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merupakan
berbentuk seperti kaset video atau bahkan ada yang seperti kaset audio. Contoh <i>tape
cartridge :</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis teknologi yang dipergunakan pada pita magnetik
beraneka ragam. Beberapa contohnya adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> • QIC</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah singkatan dari <i>quater-inch-tape </i>yang
berfungsi untuk menyimpan data telekomunikasi. QIC memiliki 72 track dan
maksimal 144 track dengan kemampuan merekam 10-13GB.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Travan</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Travan dengan format TR-5 memiliki 108 track. Kemampuan
penyimpanan sebesar 10GB/20GB. Kecepatan transfer data 1 Mbps.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> • DAT</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Merupakan singkatan dari <i>Digital Audio Tape</i>. DAT dipergunakan untuk
merekam pada pita dengan lebar 4 mm dengan memperguna-kan teknik perekaman <i>helical
scan</i>, yaitu digunakan untuk merekam video tape dengan kecepatan 2000 RPM.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> • 8mm</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknologi pita 8 mm semula ditunjukan untuk industri
video, untuk menyimpan citra berwarna berkualitas tinggi, sebagai cara
menyimpan dalam jumlah besar, lebih daripada DAT.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> • Mammoth</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mammoth memiliki teknologi yang lebih maju dan handal.
Drive mammoth memiliki suku cadang yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan drive 8mm
serta desain yang khusus untuk meningkatkan reliabilitas, yang dapat
mentransfer data samapi 30 Mbps dengan kapasitas 150GB.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> • Teknologi
AIT</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tape cartridge AIT</span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> memanfaatkan cip
MIC yang berfungsi untuk merekam semua informasi yang kalau pada pita lain
selalu terdapat dalam segmen pertama.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> • Linear
Tape Open (LTO)</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LTO buatan Hewlett-Packard, IBM, dan Seagate ditunjukan
untuk membuat standar bagi format DLT milik Quantum. Ada dua format yang
didarkan teknologi LTO, yaitu :</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1. Accelis</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2. Ultrium</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> • Teknologi
VXA</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> VXA menggunakan teknik streaming yaitu mentrasnfer
data pada tape drivee jenis linier maupun helical dengan membaca ribuan track sekaligus
dalam sekali gerak head dengan menggunakan kecepatan yang tetap.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> • Teknologi
penggabungan Pita Magnetik</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1. Tape
library<b> </b>adalah sebuah sistem penyimpan data yang terdiri atas
gabungan beberapa cartridge berkapasitas tinggi.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2. Tape
array<b> </b>adalah beberapa drive dengan serangkaian kontroler khusus
yang dapat mengakses drive-drive tersebut.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Hard
Disk</b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harddisk adalah sebuah komponen </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras" title="Perangkat keras"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">perangkat keras</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang
menyimpan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">data</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sekunder
dan berisi piringan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">magnetis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Harddisk diciptakan pertama kali oleh </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insinyur" title="Insinyur"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">insinyur</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">IBM</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
Reynold Johnson di tahun </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952" title="1952"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1952</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Harddisk pertama tersebut terdiri dari 50 piringan berukuran 2 kaki (0,6 meter)
dengan kecepatan rotasinya mencapai 1.200 </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rpm" title="Rpm"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">rpm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(rotation
per minute)</i> dengan kapasitas penyimpanan 5</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megabita&action=edit" title="Megabita"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">MB</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Harddisk zaman sekarang sudah ada yang hanya selebar 0,6 cm dengan kapasitas
750 </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigabita&action=edit" title="Gigabita"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">GB</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
dibuka, terlihat mata cakram keras pada ujung lengan bertuas yang menempel pada
piringan yang dapat berputar. Rangkaian penguat, DSP (digital signal
precessor), chip memory, konektor, spindle, dan actuator arm motor controller.
arus membongkar CP sampai dengan Gbytes. Ukuran kapasitas yang sangat besar ini
sangat menguntungkan dalam hal penyimpanan data. Seperti halnya floppy disk dan
Iomega Zip drive, harddisk juga dapat menangani penulisan berulang kali dengan
kecepatan yang relatif jauh lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan floppy disk. Tapi
sayangnya, terdapat kendala dalam segi mobilitas, karena untuk
memindah-mindahkan harddisk berarti h(harddisk tersimpan di dalam CPU).
Ternyata, kendala ini telah dapat diatasi dengan adanya konsep Removable
Harddisk. Hardsik dibentuk berupa cartridge, yang dipasang pada removable rack
yang terambung pada power supplay dan kabel data IDE Interface-nya. Data yang
disimpan dalam harddisk tidak akan hilang ketika tidak diberi tegangan listrik.
Dalam sebuah harddisk, biasanya terdapat lebih dari satu piringan untuk
memperbesar kapasitas data yang dapat ditampung. Dalam perkembangannya kini
harddisk secara fisik menjadi semakin tipis dan kecil namun memiliki daya
tampung data yang sangat besar. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harddisk kini juga tidak hanya dapat
terpasang di dalam perangkat (internal) tetapi juga dapat dipasang di luar
perangkat (eksternal) dengan menggunakan kabel </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">USB</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ataupun </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FireWire&action=edit" title="FireWire"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">FireWire</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hard disk dapat dibedakan menjadi dua golongan, yaitu</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a. Nonremovable
hard disk</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nonremovable hard disk biasa disebut fixed disk karena
memang diletakkan di dalam unit sistem dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk dibawa
bepergiian. Dalam prakteknya, pada saat ini umum dijumpai peranti yang
memungkinkan hard disk diletakkan di luar unit sistem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> b. Removable
hard disk</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Removable hard disk adalah jenis hard disk yang hanya
mengandung satu piringan atau dua piringan yang dilengkapi dengan head
baca-tulis. Peranti seperti ini kadangkala disebut hard disk cartridge. Contoh
gambarnya :</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Floppy Disk</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Floppy disk drive yang menjadi standar pemakaian terdiri
dari 2 ukuran yaitu 5.25” dan 3.5” yang masing-masing memiliki 2 tipe kapasitas
Double Density (DD) dan High Density (HD). Floppy disk 5.25” kapasitasnya
adalah 360 Kbytes (untuk DD) dan 1.2 Mbytes (untuk HD). Sedangkan floppy disk
3.5” kapasitasnya 720 Kbytes (untuk DD) dan untuk HD). Kapasitas yang dapat
ditampung oleh floppy disk memang cenderung kecil, apalagi jika dibandingkan
dengan kebutuhan transfer dan penyimpanan data yang makin lama makin besar.
Floppy disk hanya dapat menyimpan file teks, karena keterbatasan kapasitas.
Walaupun demikian, penulisan pada floppy disk dapat dilakukan berulang-ulang,
walaupun memakan waktu yang relatif lama. Keterbatasanyang disebut dengan
Iomega Zip Drive. Perangkat ini terdiri dari floppy drive dan cartridge floppy
khusus, yang mampu menampung samapai hampir 100MB data. Jumlah ini jelas
memungkinkan untuk menampung file multimedia dan grafik yang sebelumnya tidak
dimungkinkan untuk disimpan dalam floppy disk.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Zip
Disk</b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di lingkungan PC terdapat peranti yang sifatnya seperti
disket dalam arti dapat dibawa-bawa, tetapi memiliki kapasitas yang lebih
tinggi. Iomega Corporation memproduksi peranti yang disebut Zip Drive. Peranti
ini dihubungkan ke komputer melalui port printer, USB, maupun SCSI. Media
penyimpanannya diberi nama Zip Disk. Media ini memiliki kapasitas 250 megabyte
untuk dihubungkan ke port paralel atau SCSI dan 750 megabyte untuk hubungan
USB. Ukurannya sedikit lebih besar d ibandingkan dengan disket dan dengan
ketebalan dua kali. Contoh gambarnya :</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Piringan
Optik</b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Piringan optik adalah piringan yang dapat menampung data
hingga ratusan atau bahkan ribuan kali dibandingkan disket. Piringan optik
dapat berupa CD dan DVD.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>CD <i>(Compact
Disc)</i></b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD ROM</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Compact disc -
Read Only Memory)</i> adalah sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piringan_kompak" title="Piringan kompak"><span style="color: black;">piringan kompak</span></a> dari jenis<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piringan_optik&action=edit" title="Piringan optik"><span style="color: black;">piringan optik</span></a> <i>(optical
disc)</i> yang dapat menyimpan data yang cukup besar. Ukuran data yang
dapat disimpan saat ini bisa mencapai 700Mb. Mulai tahun 1983 sistem
penyimpanan data di optical disc mulai diperkenalkan dengan diluncurkannya
Digital Audio Compact Disc. Sejak saat itu mulai berkembanglah teknologi
penyuimpanan pada optical disc. CD-ROM terbuat dari resin (polycarbonate) dan
dilapisi permukaan yang sangat reflektif seperti alumunium. Informasi direkam
secara digital sebagai lubang-lubang mikroskopis pada permukaan yang reflektif.
Proses ini dilakukan degan menggunakan laser yang berintensitas tinggi.
Permukaan yang berlubang ini kemudian dilapisi oleh lapisan bening. Informasi
dibaca dengan menggunakan laser berintensitas rendah yang menyinari lapisan
bening tersebut sementara motor memutar disk. Intensitas laser tersebut berubah
setelah mengenai lubang-lubang tersebut kemudian terefleksikan dan dideteksi
oleh fotosensor yang kemudian dikonversi menjadi data digital.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulisan data pada CD-ROM hanya dapat dilakukan sekali
saja. Walaupun demikian, optical disk ini memiliki keunggulan dari segi
mobilitas. Bentuknyayang kecil dan tipis memudahkannya untuk dibawa-bawa.
Kapasitas penyimpanannya pun cukup besar, yaitu 650 Mbytes. Sehingga media ini
biasanya digunakan untuk menyimpan data-data sekali tulis saja, seperti
installer, file lagu (mp3), ataupun data statik lainnya.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-64660345170187431772012-12-19T15:16:00.000-08:002012-12-19T15:16:02.741-08:00Peranti Keluaran<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Peranti Keluaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN">Peranti keluaran adalah
peranti yang dapat menampilkan hasil pengolahan, hasil pemasukkan data atau
perintah pada komputer. Berdasarkan hasil keluarannya, peranti keluaran dapat
digolongkan menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Softcopy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Menghasilkan keluaran yang berupa tampilan atau berupa
suara pada komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hardcopy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Memberikan keluaran berupa cetakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Jenis Peranti Keluaran Softcopy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Monitor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Monitor berdasarkan teknologi pembuatannya terbagi menjadi
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), dan layar datar (Flat Panel Display). Dan layar dasar
itu sendiri terbagi menjadi tiga yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">LCD</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Memanfaatkan dua keping bahan yang terpolarisasi, dengan
ditambah cairan kristal diantara keping tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">CRT</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Layar yang terbuat dari tabung hampa, sama seperti pesawat
televisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Monitor Plasma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Menggunakan gas untuk mengeluarkan cahaya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Jenis Peranti Keluaran Hardcopy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Printer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Digunakan untuk membuat cetakan pada kertas. Berdasarkan
teknologi percetakannya, peranti printer biasanya dikelompokkan menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Impact</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Disebut hammer, karena percetakkan dilakukan dengan cara
memukulkan sekelompok pin kepite tinta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Thermal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Untuk menghasilkan cetakan warna diperlukan kertas berlapis
lilin, atau parafin, dan panas yang akan membakar titik-titik pada kertas
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Ink-jet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Memberikan cetakan dengan cara menyemprotkan titik-titik
tinta yang bermuatan listrik kekertas cetakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Laser</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Memberikan hasil cetakan terbagus, dirancang untuk
mainframe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Multifungsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Memiliki berbagai fungsi misalnya, sebagai mesin fotocopy,
scanner, dan bahkan menjadi mesin fax.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Plotter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Peranti keluaran yang dapat menghasilkan grafik atau gambar
dengan kualitas tinggi dan berwarna. Plotter seringkali digunakan untuk membuat
peta, gambar-gambar arsitektur, ataupun ilustrasi tiga dimensiyang biasanya
berukuran terlalu besar bagi printer.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Berdasarkan prinsip kerjanya terbagi menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Plotter Pena</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Memiliki sejumlah pena berwarna-warni untuk menggambar pada
kertas atau plastik transparan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Plotter elektrostatis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Dengan memberikan tegangan listrik pada kertas, tegangan
listrik tersebut akan menarik kertas</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Plotter termal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menggunakan pin yang dipanasi
secara elektronis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN">Berdasarkan Perkembangannya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Plotter pemotong</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dapat sekaligus memotong vinyl,
karet, gabus, dll</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Plotter format lebar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dipergunakan oleh perusahaan
grafis, karena plotter jenis ini dapat membuat cetakan berwarna dalam kertas
yang sangat lebar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Computer
Output Microfilm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adalah peranti yang dapat
menghasilkan gambar dalam gulungan microfilm atau pada microfiche yang berisi
banyak halaman dalam setiap lembar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Audio<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menghasilkan suara digital hingga
musik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-56138045168704225852012-10-24T05:12:00.003-07:002012-10-24T05:12:53.353-07:00Piranti Proses<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PIRANTI PROSES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Piranti
proses adalah adalah alat dimana instruksi – instruksi program diproses untuk
mengolah data yang sudah dimasukkan lewat Peranti masukan dan hasilnya akan
ditampilkandi Peranti keluaran. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 365.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengelolaan
Proses</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses
perlu dikelola karena dalam sebuah proses membutuhkan beberapa sumber daya
untuk menyelesaikan tugasnya. Sumber daya tersebut dapat berupa <i>CPU time</i>,
memori, berkas-berkas, dan perangkat-perangkat I/O. Perkembangan sistem
komputer mendatang adalah menuju ke sistem multi- processing, multiprogramming,
terdistribusi dan paralel yang mengharuskan adanya proses-proses yang berjalan
bersama dalam waktu yang bersamaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hal
demikian merupakan masalah yang perlu perhatian dari perancang sistem
operasi.Kondisi dimana pada saat yang bersamaan terdapat lebih dari satu proses
disebut dengan kongkurensi (proses-proses yang kongkuren).Proses-proses yang
mengalami kongkuren dapat berdiri sendiri (independen) atau dapat saling
berinteraksi, sehingga membutuhkan sinkronisasi atau koordinasi proses yang
baik. Proses tersebut tidak lepas dari peran prosesor sebagai pengendali dari
berjalannya sebuah proses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Procesor</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Processor
juga biasa disebut dengan Mikroprosesor adalah suatu komponen (biasanya wujud
fisiknya berupa chip) yang terdapat dalam suatu sistem komputer yang berfungsi
sebagai unit pusat pemroses atau pengolah data dan istruksi. Dalam bahasa kasar
sering diistilahkan sebagai „otak‟ komputer. Mikroprosesor ini umumnya
terpasang pada motherboard. Penulisan kata mikroprosesor sering disingkat <i>μP
</i>atau <i>uP. </i>Istilah mikroprosesor juga disebut dengan nama <i>prosesor </i>atau
<i>CPU (central processing unit).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prosesor
ini terbuat dari chip silikon yang di dalamnya mengandung jutaan transistor
mini dan sirkuit lainnya di atas sirkuit terintegrasi semikonduktor<i>. </i>Selama
ini, perkembangan mikroprosesor diketahui mengikuti <i>hukum Moore</i><b>. </b>Hukum
ini dilontarkan oleh Gordon Moore pada tahun 1965. Saat itu Moore memprediksi
bahwa jumlah transistor yang ada pada IC (Integrated Circuit) akan berlipat
ganda setiap tahunnya, dan merumuskan bahwa daya penghitungan akan berlipat
ganda setiap 18 bulan. Pernyataan ini diperbaharui oleh Moore pada tahun 1995,
berdasar hasil penelitian bahwa kelipatan ganda jumlah transistor akan terjadi
setiap dua tahun sekali. Hukum tersebut memang benar-benar terjadi dan terbukti
sejak awal tahun 1970-an. Sehingga performa komputerpun terus meningkat dari
tahun ke tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cara
kerja Prosesor</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prosesor
berfungsi seperti kalkulator, hanya saja dengan kemampuan pemrosesan data yang
jauh lebih besar. Fungsi utamanya adalah melakukan operasi <i>aritmatika </i>dan
<i>logika </i>terhadap data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Data
tersebut diambil dari memori atau diperoleh dari alat input yang dioperasikan
oleh operator seperti papan ketik (keyboard), mouse dan lainnya. Kerja prosesor
ini dikontrol oleh sekumpulan instruksi software. Software tersebut diperoleh
atau dibaca dari media penyimpan seperti harddisk, disket, CD, dan lainnya.
Kemudian instruksi-instruksi tadi disimpan dalam <i>RAM</i>. Setiap instruksi
diberi alamat unik yang disebut <i>alamat memori</i>. Untuk selanjutnya,
prosesor akan mengakses data-data yang ada pada RAM, dengan cara menentukan
alamat data yang dikehendaki.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prosesor
dan RAM dihubungkan oleh unit yang disebut bus. Saat sebuah program dijalankan,
data akan mengalir dari RAM melalui bus, menuju ke prosesor. Di dalam prosesor,
data ini di-dekode, kemudian berjalan ke ALU yang bertugas melakukan kalkulasi
dan perbandingan. Kadang-kadang data disimpan sementara di register agar dapat
diambil kembali dengan cepat untuk diolah. Setelah selesai, hasil pemrosesannya
mengalir kembali ke RAM atau ke media penyimpan. Apabila data hasil perosesan
tadi akan diolah lagi, maka data tersebut akan disimpan dalam register.
Demikian seterusnya. Bilangan yang ditangani oleh prosesor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terdapat
dua macam bilangan yang ditangani oleh prosesor, yaitu bilangan <i>fixed point </i>dan
bilangan <i>floating point</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bilangan
fixed point </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah
bilang yang memiliki nilai digit spesifik pada salah satu titik desimalnya, Hal
ini akan membatasi jangkauan nilai yang mungkin untuk angka-angka tersebut,
namun, hal ini justru dapat dihitung oleh prosesor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedangkan
bilangan floating point </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah
bilangan yang diwujudkan dalam notasi ilmiah, yaitu berupa angka pecahan
desimal dikalikan dengan angka 10 pangkat bilangan tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Komponen
Prosesor</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prosesor biasanya terdiri dari beberapa komponen
penting, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unit Aritmatika Dan Logika</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Register</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cache memory</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Unit kontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ALU <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<i>Arithmetic Logical Unit</i></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ALU (<i>Arithmetic
Logical Unit </i>= Unit Logika dan Aritmatika). Komponen ini berfungsi sebagai
tempat memproses data dengan cara memanipulasi informasi dan mengevaluasi
hasilnya. ALU dapat melakukan operasi-operasi tertentu, misalnya penjumlahan,
perkalian, pengurangan, dan lainnya. ALU sendiri terdiri dari device-device
memori kecil yang dikenal dengan nama <i>register. </i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
register inilah informasi-informasi disimpan selama pemrosesan data sedang
berlangsung. ALU juga terdiri dari sirkuit-sirkuit untuk mengevaluasi
informasi. Misalnya <i>adder </i>dan <i>comparator, </i>yang memanipulasi data
sesuai instruksi yang terprogram. FPU <b>(</b><i>Floating Point Unit</i><b>). </b>Komponen
ini berfungsi untuk memproses data berupa bilangan floating point.Kebanyakan
operasi komputer dieksekusi dalam unit aritmatika dan logika (arithmelogic
unit) pada prosesor. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Register processor</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Register
prosesor, dalam arsitektur komputer, adalah sejumlah kecil memori komputer yang
bekerja dengan kecepatan sangat tinggi yang digunakan untuk melakukan eksekusi
terhadap program-program komputer dengan menyediakan akses yang cepat terhadap
nilai-nilai yang umum digunakan. Umumnya nilai-nilai yang umum digunakan adalah
nilai yang sedang dieksekusi dalam waktu tertentu.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Register
prosesor berdiri pada tingkat tertinggi dalam hierarki memori: ini berarti
bahwa kecepatannya adalah yang paling cepat; kapasitasnya adalah paling kecil;
dan harga tiap bitnya adalah paling tinggi. Register juga digunakan sebagai
cara yang paling cepat dalam sistem komputer untuk melakukan manipulasi data.
Register umumnya diukur dengan satuan bit yang dapat ditampung olehnya, seperti
"register 8-bit", "register 16-bit", "register
32-bit", atau "register 64-bit" dan lain-lain.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cache memory</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah
memory berukuran kecil berkecepatan tinggi yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan
sementara instruksi dan/atau data (informasi) yang diperlukan oleh prosesor.
Boleh dikatakan bahwa cache memory ini adalah memory internal prosesor. Cache
memory ini berbasis SRAM yang secara fisik berukuran kecil dan kapasitas
tampung datanya juga kecil atau sedikit. Pada saat ini, cache memory ada 3
jenis, yaitu L1 cache, L2 cache, dan L3 cache.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Cara
piranti-piranti I/O mentransfer informasi ke dalam dan ke luar komputer</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Komputer adalah perangkat
elektronik yg dpt menerima masukan (input), dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">selanjutnya melakukan pengolahan (process) untuk
menghasilkan keluaran (output) berupa informasi. Pada dasarnya, tugas utama
komputer adalah processing dan I/O (input dan output). Perangkat utama komputer
meliputi perangkat input, proses, dan perangkat output ditambah penyimpanan
data.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-70108148613787728812012-10-23T06:47:00.001-07:002012-10-23T06:47:28.298-07:00Dasar Sistem Komputer<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span> <b> A. Dari Bit ke Informasi</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Sejak awal komputer bekerja dengan sistem
binner.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Sistem binner adalah sistem bilangan yang
hanya mengenal dua macam angka yang disebut </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
dengan istilah bit (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">binary digit)</i> berupa 0 dan 1. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span> <b> B. Satuan Data</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Bit merupakan satuan data terkecil dalam
sistem komputer. Diatas satuan ini terdapat berbagai </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
satuan lain, yakni berupa
byte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte, petabyte.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Byte</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Byte merupakan satuan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah karakter.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kilobyte</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Hubungan byte dan kilobyte seperti ini:<br />
1 kilobyte = 1024 byte</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Satuan ini seringkali disingkat menjadi KB atau K</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Megabyte</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Satu megabyte identik dengan 1024 kilobyte atau sama dengan 1.048.576
byte. Biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan kapasitas RAM dalam PC. Satuan MB atau
M.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Gigabyte</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Satuan identik dengan 1024 megabyte atau sama dengan 1.073.741.824 byte. Biasa
digunakan untuk menyatakan kapasitas hardisk dalam PC. Satuan G atau GB.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Terabyte</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Satuan identik dengan 1.009.511.627.776 byte. Biasa digunakan untuk
menyatakan kapasitas hardisk dalam mainframe. Satuan TB atau T.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Petabyte</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Identuk dengan 1024 terabyte. Satuan PB atau P. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <b>C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b></span></span><b>Satuan waktu dan Frekuensi</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Satuan waktu</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Milidetik = 1/1.000 detik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mikrodetik = 1/1.000.000 detik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nanodetik = 1/1.000.000.000 detik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pikodetik = 1/1.000.000.000.000 detik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Frekuensi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Jumlah siklus dalam satu detik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
1 kilohertz (KHz) = 1000 hertz (Hz)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
1 megahertz (MHz) = 1000 kilohertz (KHz)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <b>D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b></span></span><b>Sistem Pengkodean Karakter</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>ASCII (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American
Standard Code of Information Interchange)</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Menggunakan 7 bit dalam menyatakan kode.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>EBCDIC (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Menggunakan 8 bit dalam menyatakan kode.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Unicode </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Karakter dinyatakan denganj 16 bit.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <b> E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b></span></span><b>Konversi Sistem Binner dan Sistem Decimal</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Konversi dari Sistem Binner ke Sistem Decimal</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
01001011 biner identik dengan 75 desimal.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Konversi dari Sistem Desimal ke Sistem Binner</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
1001011 apabila dijadikan 8 bit, anda dapat menambahkan 0 dibagian kiri
sehingga menjadi seperti 01001011 bilangan itulah yang identik dengan 75
desimal.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <b> F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b></span></span><b>Bagian Unit Sistem</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Motherboard</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Terdiri atas sejumlah komponen yang terpasang secara menetap dan slot
slot atau socket untuk memasang komponen – komponen yang dapat dilepas.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Catu Daya</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Sebagai pemasok listrik bagi rangkaian dalam komputer.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sistem Pendingin</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Untuk mendingikan suhu sekitar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bus</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Jalur yang menghubungkan suatu komponen dengan komponen yang lain.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bus I/O dan Berbagai Kartu I/O</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify;">
Disebut sebagai bus slot ekspansi, bus inilah yang menjadi penghubung
antara CPU dan peranti-peranti yang berada diluar unit sistem.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Port</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Merupakan colokan yang terpasang pada case, sebagai penghubung antara
komponen didalam unit sistem dengan peranti luar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <b>G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b></span></span><b>Prosesor</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Nama singkat dari mikroprosesor dan
seringkali disebut CPU (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Central
ProcessingUnit).</i> </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Merupakan komponen terpenting dalam sebuah komputer.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <b> H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b></span></span><b>Memori Internal</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>ROM ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Read
Only Memory)</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Jeni s memori yang isinya tidak hilang ketika tidak mendapat aliran
listrik dan pada awalnya isinya hanya bisa dibaca.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>RAM <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Random
Acces Memory)</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Jenis memori yang isinya dapat diganti-ganti selama komputer dihidupkan
dan mempunyai sifat dapat mengingat data/program selama terdapat arus listrik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cache Memory </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Memori
yang memliki kecepatan sangat tinggi yang digunakan sebagai perantara antara
RAM dan CPU.</div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-53058943998530922022012-10-17T09:41:00.002-07:002012-10-17T09:41:20.876-07:00Peranti Masukan <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Jenis Peranti Masukan :</b></span> Peranti masukan (<i>input device)</i>merupakan perangkat keras komputer yang memungkinkan pemasukkan data kedalam sisteem komputer.<br />
<br />
<b>1. Peranti Pengetikan </b><br />
Digunakan untuk memasukan data atau perintah, yang paling umum digunakan adalah <i>keyboard, keyboard</i> adalah peranti pemasukkan data yang dapat mengubah huruf, angka, ataupun kode lain yang dapat diproses dalam komputer.<br />
secara garis besar biasanya terdiri atas tombol-tombol:<br />
<ul>
<li>pengetikan</li>
<li>angka</li>
<li>fungsi</li>
<li>kontrol</li>
</ul>
<b>2. Peranti Penunjuk </b><br />
Digunakan untuk memilh data atau perintah yang muncul dilayar monitor. yang paling umum adalah mouse. mouse adalah peranti penunjuk yang saat ini telah banyak dipergunakan secara umum. mouse digunakan untuk menunjuk data atau perintah yang ditampilkan pada layar monitor.<br />
adapun bentuk lain berbentuk pena elektronis, diantaranya adalah:<br />
<ol>
<li>pen-based computer system</li>
<li>light pen</li>
<li>digitilizer</li>
</ol>
<b>3. Pengambilan Gambar Tak Terformat </b><br />
ada beberapa jenis alat yang dipergunakan :<br />
<ol>
<li>Image Scanner: peranti yang dapat mengambil masukan data gambar, foto, bahkan tulis tangan.</li>
<li>Kamera Digital</li>
<li>Pembaca Retina Mata</li>
<li>Pembaca Sidik Jari</li>
</ol>
<b>4. Suara </b><br />
Untuk menangkap masukan berupa suara agar dapat diubah menjadi isyarat digital.penangkap masukan suara biasanya dilakukan melalui microphone, pesawat telepon, namun dalam perkembangannya muncul alat yang disebut Autometic Speech Recognition (ASR) yang terdiri atas perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak yang dapat mengenali kata kata manusia.<br />
<br />
<b>5. Video</b><br />
Untuk merekan citra bergerak, dipergunakan kamera video sebagai masukan komputer.<br />
<br />
<b>6. Gerakan</b><br />
Untuk memantau gerakan manusia, yang banyak dimanfaatkan pada virtual reality, dipergunakan peranti-peranti yang beranama.<br />
<ol>
<li>Glove</li>
<li>Headset</li>
<li>Walker </li>
</ol>
<b>7. Sensor</b><br />
peranti yang mengambil data langsung dari lingkungan. data ini berupa data khusus yang langsung dimasukkan kedalam komputer.<br />
<br />
<b>8. Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID)</b><br />
adalah peranti yang memanfaatkan gelombang frekuensi radio untuk mengirim data dari sesuatu yang ditempeli RFID tersebut keperanti pelacak RFID.<br />
<br />
<b>9. Pembaca Kartu Magnetik</b><br />
kartu magnetik berbentuk seperti kartu kredit yang dilengkapi dengan pita magnetik.<br />
<br />
<b>10. Pembaca Kartu Cerdas</b><br />
<i>Smart card </i>alias sikartu cerdas sebenarnya adalah sebuah komputer berukuran kecil karena dilengkapi dengan chip yang mengandung prosesor, RAM, ROM, dan bahkan sistem operasi dengan keamanan yang sangat tinggi.<br />
<br />
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kadir,
Abdul ; CH.Triwahyuni, Terra. 2003. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengenalan
Teknologi Informasi.</i>Yogyakarta: Andi)</span><br />
<br />Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2938264503582220770.post-11943784457518340992012-09-22T19:24:00.002-07:002012-09-22T19:24:42.352-07:00Pengantar Teknologi Informasi<div>
1. Pengertian Komputer</div>
<div>
Semula kata komputer berasal dari bahasa latin computare dan bahasa inggris compute yang berarti peralatan untuk menghitung. sesuai dengan perkembangan dan kemajuan teknologi, fungsi komputer semakin berkembang tidak semata-mata sebagai alat hitung. Komputer sekarang dapat digunakan untuk membuat surat, membuat grafik, bermain music, mengontrol suatu alat atau mesin, melakukan transaksi penesanan barang, menjelajah kepusat data diberbagai tempat (internet) dll.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Secara umum komputer memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:<br /><ul>
<li>merupakan gabungan dari peralatan elektronik.</li>
<li>mampu menerima, mengolah, dan menyimpan data.</li>
<li>mampu menghasilkan informasi sesuai perintah dari program.</li>
</ul>
</div>
Jadi secara singkat definisi komputer adalah:<br />
Suatu sistem elektronik yang digunakan untuk menerima, mengolah, dan menyimpan data secara cepat dan tepat, serta menghasilkan informasi sesuai program yang diberikan.<br />
<br />
2. Data dan Informasi<br />
Dari definisi komputer, terdapat beberapa itsilah yang perlu diketahui:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Data : kumpulan kejadian-kejadian yang dicatat (ditulis) dari suatu keadaan nyata dan mengandung nilai yang berarti.</li>
<li>Informasi: hasil dari kegiatan pengolahan data sesuai dengan tujuan dan manfaat yang diharapkan</li>
</ul>
<div>
Data merupakan bentuk informasi yang masih mentah, belum mempunyai makna yang sempurna sehingga diperlukan pengolahan dan pemprosesan untuk mendapatkan informasi yang akurat. bentuk data dapat berupa simbol, gambar, angka, huruf, dan obyek lainnya.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Informasi merupakan data yang telah diolah menjadi bentuk yang berarti dan bermanfaat. bentuk informasi yang dapat dihasilkan komputer berupa teks, angka, symbol, gambar, suara, atau sinyal.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Siklus proses informasiterdiri dari 3 tahap:</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Tahap pengumpulan data.</li>
<li>Tahap pengolahan.</li>
<li>Hasil olahan (Informasi).</li>
</ol>
</div>
Materi PTIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10843609627497310647noreply@blogger.com0